Ch 3 Ancient India and China 2600 B.C.E. – C.E. 550 Section Three: Powerful Empires of India 1 You will Need 3-J Cloze notes

Objectives Analyze how Maurya rulers created a strong central government for their empire Explain why the period of Gupta rule in India is considered a golden age Explore the kingdoms that rose across the Deccan Understand how family and village life shaped Indian society 2

Objective One: Analyze how Maurya rulers created a strong central government for their empire. 3

I. Five Themes of Geography Location: Asia Place: Indian Subcontinent Region: Gangetic Plain, 4

I. Five Themes of Geography Location: Asia Place: Indian Subcontinent Region: Gangetic Plain, 5 Deccan Plateau

I. Five Themes of Geography Location: Asia Place: Indian Subcontinent Region: Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, 6 and Coastal Plains

I. Five Themes of Geography Movement: Forging of empires carries the people across portions of all three regions Gangetic Plains Maurya Empire -- northern Ganges valley to Deccan Plateau and northern areas of the eastern and western coastal plains 7

I. Five Themes of Geography Movement: Forging of empires carries the people across portions of all three regions Gangetic Plains Gupta Empire -- portion of the Gangetic plains and the eastern coastal plains 8

I. Five Themes of Geography Movement: … Gangetic Plains Various kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau 9

I. Five Themes of Geography Movement: … Gangetic Plains Various kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau Tamil Kingdom -- southern tip of the Indian subcontinent 10

I. Five Themes of Geography Human-Environment Interaction -- all inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent had to deal with the unpredictable monsoons 11

Northern Empires/Kingdoms -Throughout the history of the Indian subcontinent, empires/kingdoms came, thrived and failed as their strong leaders died. The disunity and inability of the northern kingdoms to form alliances made them vulnerable to conquest from forces within and without the subcontinent. 12 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) The first Indian empire Inhabitants were Aryans Unity was impossible to maintain after 185 B.C.E. and rival princes fought for power. 13 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Chandragupta Maurya (321 B.C.E.) Well-organized bureaucracy 14 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Chandragupta Maurya (321 B.C.E.) Well-organized bureaucracy Brutal secret police  corruption, crime, dissent or ideas that opposed those of the government Special force: female warriors to guard his palace 15 Empires of India

Maurya Empire before Chandragupta and one year after 16

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Chandragupta’s grandson Most honored Maurya emperor 17 Empires of India

Elephant Warriors 7:10 18

Under Asoka India ______. Declined Prospered Remained unchanged 19

Asoka was known as ____ a peacekeeper. a great military strategist. a strict ruler. a happy man. 20

True or ? Asoka was the only ruler who used elephants in his army. 21 False

Asoka had ___ elephants. 9 90 900 9,000 22

What did Kalinga control that Asoka wanted? The southern trade routes The sea trade routes The northern trade routes The mountain trade routes 23

What helped Asoka move his army easily across his empire? Well, it was his empire Good weather conditions A system of roads It was a time of peace 24

Asoka was ___ by the violence of his victory. Shocked Pleased Unsatisfied Angry 25

As a result of the slaughter at Kalinga, Asoka converted to ___ Animism Buddhism Hinduism Judaism 26

Today, this religion is the major religion of India? Animism Buddhism Hinduism Judaism 27

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Chandragupta’s grandson Most honored Maurya emperor Fought bloody war to take nearby kingdom of Kalinga (268 B.C.E.) 28 Empires of India

Maurya Empire before and after Asoka 29

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Chandragupta’s grandson Most honored Maurya emperor Fought bloody war to take nearby kingdom of Kalinga (268 B.C.E.) Experience led him to convert to Buddhism and rule by moral example 30 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Sent missionaries to spread Buddhism from India  Sri Lanka However preached tolerance for other religions 31 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Carved policies of nonviolence, truth, kindness on rocks, pillars 32 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Rule brought peace, prosperity and allowed him to unite diverse people Built hospitals, Buddhist shrines 33 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Asoka (273 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E.) Improved transportation roads, rest houses for travelers “I have had banyan trees planted on the roads to give shade to people and animals. I have planted mango groves, I have had [wells] dug and shelters erected along the roads,” (Ellis 85). 34 Empires of India

Objective Two Explain why the period of Gupta rule in India is considered a golden age Golden Age: a period of great cultural achievement 35

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) 36 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Rule not as controlling as the Maurya Most power in hands of individual villages and city governments -elected by merchants and artisans 37 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Trade, farming flourished Farmers– wheat, rice, sugar cane Artisans – cotton cloth, pottery, metalware Local use and export to East Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia 38 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Advances in learning Educated in religious schools; taught religion, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, physics, languages, literature, and more 39 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Advances in learning Educated in religious schools; Mathematics developed during this time impacted world. System of numerals used today (1,2,10 instead of i, ii, x; called “Arabic” numerals because Europeans picked them up from Arabs who picked them up from India) 40 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Advances in learning Educated in religious schools; Mathematics developed during this time impacted world. Concept of zero as placeholder Decimal system 41 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Advances in learning Educated in religious schools; Mathematics …. Medicine -- set bones; vaccinated against smallpox 1,000 years before Europeans 42 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Advances in learning Educated in religious schools; Mathematics … Medicine … Literature – poems, plays, fables, folktales written in Sanskrit; carried to Persia, Egypt, Greece 43 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Weak rulers, civil war, foreign invaders  decline White Huns, nomadic people from Asia, destroyed cities and trade India split into many kingdoms AGAIN No empire like Maurya or Gupta for 1,000 years 44 Empires of India

Objective Three Explore the kingdoms that rose across the Deccan 45

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau Central portion of Indian Subcontinent including portions of the eastern and western coastal plains 46 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau After Maurya empire lost its power, empire divided up into many kingdoms. Each kingdom had its own capital Inhabitants were Dravidians; very different languages and customs from Aryan north 47 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau After Maurya empire lost its power, empire divided up into many kingdoms. Hinduism, Buddhism, Sanskrit from north eventually blends in with local cultures. Ruler generally tolerated all religions and the large number of foreigners in the bustling port cities. 48 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau Tamil Kingdoms Southernmost part of Indian subcontinent including portions of eastern and western coastal plains 49 Empires of India

Northern Empires/Kingdoms … Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E. -- 185 B.C.E.) Gupta Empire (C.E. 320 – 540) Kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau Tamil Kingdoms Built around trade Improved harbor  overseas trade spices, fine textiles to buyers in Roman empire Shifted trade to China as Roman empire declined Rich and diverse literature. 50 Empires of India

Objective Four Understand how family and village life shaped Indian society 51

Population mostly peasants Life revolved around caste, family, and village Joint Family structure – parents, children, offspring share common dwelling Patriarchal Adult sons continued to live with parents after marriage, babies 52 Family and Village Life

Population mostly peasants Life revolved around caste, family, and village Joint Family structure – parents, children, offspring share common dwelling Daughters moved in with husband & their family If family not wealthy, house smaller; yet close ties with brothers, uncles, cousins, nephews. 53 Family and Village Life

Family Duties – train children in tradition & duties of castes Family interest outranks individual wishes Children worked with older relatives in fields or family trade Daughters learned how to be a good wife: serve and obey husband and his family Sons learned rituals to honor family’s ancestors  deepened bonds across generations 54 Family and Village Life

Family Duties – train children in tradition & duties of castes Another important duty for parents – arrange good marriage based on caste and family interests Marriage customs varied throughout Indian subcontinent Northern India: bride’s family provided dowry (payment to bridegroom) and paid for wedding. Bride then became part of husband’s family 55 Family and Village Life

Role of women changed over time Had higher status in earlier Aryan society Late Gupta times upper-class: restricted to home, cover head to foot if leave home Lower-class: labored in fields, worked at weaving or spinning 56 Family and Village Life

Role of women changed over time Had higher status in earlier Aryan society Late Gupta times Believed to have shakti (creative energy that men lacked). her shakti helped make husband complete However, could be destructive force  husband’s duty to channel energy in proper direction 57 Family and Village Life

Role of women changed over time Had higher status in earlier Aryan society Late Gupta times Believed to have shakti (creative energy that men lacked). Few rights within family and society Primary duty – marry, raise children 58 Family and Village Life

Role of women changed over time Devotion to husband  good karma Expected to perform sati (join husband on funeral pyre); Some women believed it was a noble duty and in doing so erased own and husbands’ sins; other women resisted custom 59 Family and Village Life

Village Structure Different castes performed different duties Each caste had own rules, traditions and paid its share of taxes Headman and council made decisions and ensured cooperation for projects such as irrigation, roads and temples In early times women were on council, later nope! 60 Family and Village Life

Agriculture and Trade Farming dependent on monsoons Landlords owned most of the land; farmers worked land gave portion of harvest to landlord left their family with barely enough to survive Villages produced most of what they needed and traded for other essentials such as salt, spices, manufactured goods. 61 Family and Village Life

Interaction between villages due to weddings, festivals, shopping  cultural diffusion and the establishment of common ideas across the subcontinent. 62 Family and Village Life

Works Cited Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor and Anthony Esler. World History. Pearson Prentice Hall: Boston, 2007. Maurya Empire. 24 Nov 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 24 No 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire . 9000 Trained Elephants . Discovery Education. 2004. Discovery Education. 14 November 2009 <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> 63