Leave No Trace Outdoor Skills and Ethics An International Education Program Designed to Teach Stewardship, Land Ethics and Outdoor Skills for Responsible Recreation

History

Leave No Trace Program Roots (1960’s): Leave No Trace program originated in the backcountry and federally-designated Wilderness areas (Wilderness Act, 1964). Conception and Early Development (1970’s): Federal agencies developed educational brochures, slogan-based, little national leadership or inter-agency coordination. Various Names: Wilderness Manners, Wilderness Ethics, Minimum-Impact Camping and No-Trace Camping.

Leave No Trace The “No-Trace” Program (1980s): Developed by U.S. Forest Service wilderness managers as humanistic approach for wilderness ethics and low impact hiking and camping practices. “Leave No Trace” Program (1990’s): Leave No Trace selected as the name for an expanded national program; partnership formed with four land management agencies and National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS). Curriculum and Training (1990’s): NOLS began to develop educational materials and courses.

Leave No Trace Outdoor Recreation Summit (1993): recommended creation of the non-profit Leave No Trace, Inc. Leave No Trace, Inc (1994): created to guide development, establish partnerships, distribute educational materials and conduct fundraising while NOLS continued to develop educational materials and conduce training courses.

Today

Leave No Trace Nonprofit The Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics (2003): A nonprofit organization based in Boulder, Colorado. Partners with federal agencies, manufacturers, retailers, other nonprofit organizations and educational institutions to promote minimum impact outdoor recreation. The Center has nine professional staff members in Boulder and four teams of traveling educators that provide education, training and outreach across the United States.

Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics Mission Statement Then Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics is an educational nonprofit organization dedicated to the responsible enjoyment and active stewardship of the outdoors by all people, worldwide.

Leave No Trace Organizational Focus Leave No Trace plays a critical role within the conservation community because of its unique focus on people as the solution. The Center believes that by empowering people to develop a sense of communal ownership of the outdoors, we are generating a more sustainable, more environmentally educated global community.

Leave No Trace Organizational Focus Educate, Connect, Protect: We educate people about minimum impact skills for responsible outdoor recreation. We connect people to their natural world so they care about its future health. We protect ecosystems by creating lifelong outdoor stewards. More than $.85 of every $1 raised by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics goes directly into programs used to provide a multitude of scientifically-based trainings and outreach to educate millions each year.

Leave No Trace Partnership Structure Federal agency partners State and Local Agency partners Corporate partners Small Business partners Non-profit partners University/School partners Outfitter/Guide partners Retail partners International partners

Federal Agency Partners The Center for Outdoor Ethics is under a Memorandum of Understanding with the four largest land management agencies to provide Leave No Trace education on public lands in the U.S. Each agency has staff that have been trained in Leave No Trace who in turn train agency personnel and the general public. The federal agencies have national Leave No Trace coordinators who serve as advisors on the Center’s Board of Directors and the Educational Review Committee. The agencies play a critical role in getting Leave No Trace information to millions of outdoor enthusiasts each year.

State Agency Partners The Center signed an MOU with the National Association of State Park Directors in the fall of 2007 and is working to integrate Leave No Trace into exiting programs and trainings. State land management agencies are becoming more essential in spreading Leave No Trace skills and ethics to millions each year. The Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources has an annual visitation of 10 million on lands they administer, most of which are easily accessible and are frequented by day-users.

Local Agency Partners The Center works with a wide variety of local land managers across the country to create site-specific Leave No Trace information that is more locally-relevant. Many of these partners manage lands that are easily accessible and frequented by day-users (frontcountry areas). Because more than 85% of all outdoor recreation takes place in frontcountry areas, these local partners are critical to educating the public about Leave No Trace.

Corporate Partners REI has a long-standing partnership with the Center and has provided a broad range of support for various educational initiatives including funding for both Promoting Environmental Awareness in Kids (PEAK) and Connect Grants for Culturally-Diverse Communities. REI responds to the core needs of the Center and focuses on what will make the organization thrive vs. the co-branding or marketability of certain projects.

Nonprofit Partners The Colorado Fourteeners Initiative is a partner whose mission is to preserve the natural integrity of Colorado’s 14,000 ft. peaks. Colorado Fourteeners Initiative trains hundreds of individuals each year through their Peak Steward Program, Adopt-a-Peak and various other course offerings. Leave No Trace is a key component of all Colorado Fourteeners Initiative trainings, allowing them to effectively share the information with hundreds each year.

Universities and Schools Schools such as NOLS have been critical to the success of the program because they have developed curriculum, provide training and include Leave No Trace in all their course offerings. Universities such as Northern Arizona University have been key to reaching college students with Leave No Trace education. NAU has also developed an adaptive Trainer Course. Staff and students who receive Leave No Trace training often go on to educate the general public.

Outfitters and Guide Services Retail, Outfitter and Guide Service partners provide unique opportunities to reach many first-time users with minimum impact education. The Yosemite Mountaineering School is a guide service whose guide manager is one of the 1700+ Master Educators in the country. Annually, Yosemite Mountaineering School staff is trained in Leave No Trace, allowing them to incorporate it into work with clients. They also regularly conduct Leave No Trace trainings and workshops.

Leave No Trace Individual Membership Leave No Trace is a membership-driven education organization: your support allows the Center to offer and grow it’s programs and educational outreach. Over 4,000 individuals from 50 states and over a dozen countries are rapidly changing the face of conservationism today as Leave No Trace members.   A strong and connected community of volunteers, educators and passionate recreationists strengthen the message that we are the source and the solution to preserving our lands.

Impacts & Science

Overview of Visitor Impacts

Soil Impacts Loss of organic litter Soil compaction Soil erosion Vegetation Impacts Vegetation loss Invasive species Tree damage

Wildlife Impacts Disturbance of wildlife Altered behavior Reduced health and reproduction Water Resource Impacts Turbidity, sedimentation Soap and fecal wastes

Social Impacts Crowding Conflicts between various user groups

Cultural Resource Impacts Theft of artifacts Damage to cultural features

Visitor Statistics Wilderness recreation visitor days: 7 million in 1975 15 million in 1985 20 million in 2000 National Park Service visits 33 million in 1950 172 million in 1970 287 million in 2000 Recreation projections 13.5 million backpackers in 2005 76.7 million day hikers in 2005 to 90 million in 2050 51.7 million car campers in 2005 to 70 million in 2050 Questions: Does increasing visitation = increasing impacts? Are we recreating outdoors in a sustainable way?

Cumulative Impacts Leave No Trace might not seem critical until you consider the combined effects of millions of outdoor visitors. One poorly located campsite or campfire may have little impact, but thousands of such instances can degrade natural resources and recreation experiences. To protect our resources, it is important to recreate responsibly by educating ourselves on the practices and ethics necessary to Leave No Trace.

Leave No Trace Related Research Recreation Ecology research tells us about recreation impacts and how they can be reduced by managers and visitors. Social science research tells us about visitor perceptions and behaviors.

The Leave No Trace Challenge Prevent avoidable resource and social impacts. Minimize unavoidable impacts. Preserve the quality of resources and recreation experiences.

The Seven Leave No Trace Principles Plan Ahead and Prepare Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces Dispose of Waste Properly Leave What you Find Minimize Campfire Impacts Respect Wildlife Be Considerate of Other Visitors

Plan Ahead and Prepare Know the regulations and special concerns for the area you’ll visit. Will you need a permit? Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use. Consider traveling with a smaller group to minimize social and resource impacts. Plan your meals carefully as to not have leftovers. Repackage food to minimize waste.

Plan Ahead and Prepare Selecting Appropriate Gear Learn about the areas you plan to visit before you go. Prepare for extreme weather, hazards and emergencies. Bring a map and compass and plan where you are going.

Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces Durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses and sand. Select a durable site and one that is big enough to accommodate your group. Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary. In pristine areas, disperse. Leave your camp clean and natural.

Durable Surfaces Rock/Gravel Sand Grass Snow Impacted Areas

Durable Surfaces Research Grasses and herbs after 250 tramples. Grasses are both resistant (durable) and resilient (recover quickly).

Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces Popular Areas Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites when provided. Walk single file in the middle of the trail, even when wet or muddy. Stay on established, resistant sites. Keep campsites small. Focus activities in areas where vegetation is absent or where site is most impacted.

Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces Pristine Areas Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails. Avoid places where impacts are just beginning. Spread out and travel on pristine, resistant surfaces when off trail. Choose a pristine site with resistant surfaces. Disperse activities to avoid impacts.

Dispose of Waste Properly Pack it in, pack it out. Dispose of human waste properly: dig a cat-hole or pack it out. Properly dispose of wastewater. Pack out all your trash and trash that others have left behind.

Dispose of Waste Properly Wastewater Strain wastewater and pack out food particles and uneaten food. Washing near water sources can result in biological and chemical contamination of water sources. Always carry water at least 200 ft. from any water source to bathe or wash dishes.

Dispose of Waste Properly Human Waste Walk at least 200 ft. from water, campsites and trails and use the “cat-hole” method to bury human waste 6-8 inches deep. Carry out toilet paper to avoid creating “TP flower gardens.”

Leave What You Find Leave flowers, rocks and cultural artifacts as you find them so that others can enjoy them. Treat living plants with respect. Picking or damaging them prevents reproduction and survival. The best campsites are found not made. Avoid digging trenches or building structures in your campsite.

Leave What You Find Natural and Historical Objects Observe natural objects without disturbing them. Natural objects are a significant part of the context of an area. Leave all natural objects for the next visitor to enjoy.

Minimize Campfire Impacts Campfires can cause lasting impacts on the land. Use a lightweight stove for cooking and a candle or gas lantern for light. Where fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans or mound fires. Keep fires small. Use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand. Burn all wood to ash and out campfire completely. Scatter cool ashes.

Minimize Campfire Impacts Campfire types and alternatives Camp stoves Pan fires Mound Fires Candle/Lantern

Respect Wildlife Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them. Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors and exposes them to predators and other dangers. Protect wildlife by storing your food and trash securely. Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young or winter.

Respect Wildlife Pets Pets can seriously injure wildlife. Keep pet under control at all times to ensure their safety, the safety of wildlife and that of other visitors.

Respect Wildlife Feeding Wildlife Never feed wildlife or allow them to obtain human food or trash. Wildlife attracted to human food often suffer nutritionally and expose themselves to predators and other dangers. Feeding wildlife destroys their health, alters natural behaviors and teaches them life-threatening habits.

Respect Wildlife Bear Country Protect your food and bears by hanging bear bags or use bear-proof food containers. Bears that obtain human food become “problem bears” that must be relocated or killed.

Respect Wildlife Safe Distances Enjoy wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them. You are too close if your presence or actions elicit a response from wildlife.

Be Considerate of Other Visitors Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience. Be courteous. Yield to other users when necessary. Take breaks and camp away from other visitors when possible, and avoid stopping or camping right on the trail. Don’t be afraid to ask other groups where they’re planning on camping. Save big sites for larger groups. Let nature’s sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.

Be Considerate of Other Visitors Diverse User-Groups Be considerate of other visitors and their experience. Be considerate of other types of recreational use.

Be Considerate of Other Visitors Which one of these groups would you rather see while you are recreating outdoors? A C B

Be Considerate of Other Visitors Horse Use Stock users must exercise greater care to minimize their impact and that of their stock. Ghost rider and Backcountry Horseman Associations provide additional low impact training and information. Hikers should step off the downhill side of the trail and speak to horse riders while they pass to avoid spooking them.

Leave No Trace Benefits Avoids or minimizes the need for restrictive management regulations. Better planning leads to trips that are both more safe and more fun. Prevents avoidable impacts; minimizes unavoidable impacts. Protects the quality of natural environments and recreation experiences for other and future generations.

Programs

Leave No Trace Education Review Committee The Education Review Committee is a standing committee of the Board of Directors. The ERC develops, reviews and revises educational materials, training programs and curriculum. The ERC ensures that all Leave No Trace educational materials are consistently and effectively presented, and are based in current research. The ERC has diverse members with well-rounded expertise.

Promoting Environmental Awareness in Kids The program is presented as a “pack” of six activities. Additional activities, a Teen pack and materials in Spanish are also available. The PEAK program can be purchased or borrowed from the Center or is available through the “Packing with PEAK” grant. PEAK began as a partnership program between the Center for Outdoor Ethics and REI in 2001. PEAK educates youth ages 6-12 about Leave No Trace through hands-on activities.

Traveling Trainer Program Subaru has provided support and vehicles for the Traveling Trainer Program - teams of field educators teaching diverse audiences about Leave No Trace. Beginning in 1999, this partnership has allowed the Center to reach millions of individuals each year. The Traveling Trainer program’s hands-on approach is one of the most effective ways to engage the public in Leave No Trace education.

State Advocate Program The Center has an active community program with advocates in over 40 states. Advocates are volunteers in their respective states who help coordinate and conduct Leave no Trace training, outreach and education for the public. Advocates receive training, materials and financial support from the Center. Tens of thousands are reached annually through the Leave no Trace State Advocate program.

International Programs The Center has international branch organizations in Canada, Ireland and Australia as well as dozens of partner organizations, agencies and educational institutions around the world. Center staff offer Master Educator Courses and other training options to our international community.

Frontcountry Program Frontcountry is defined as outdoor areas that are easily accessible by vehicle and mostly visited by day users. The Center is working with many partners across the U.S. to develop frontcountry programs that help protect these resources and reach the increasing number of individuals recreating in these areas.

Frontcountry Program Roots Over 85% of recreation in the U.S. occurs near urban centers: day hiking, biking, picnicking, skateboarding, fishing, running, car camping, etc. There are specific recreational impacts unique to frontcountry areas, such as: user/social conflicts, pet management issues, graffiti and vandalism, pet waste, private property trespassing, off trail hiking, etc. Land managers and others need the ability to locally tailor specific Leave No Trace information to more effectively reach frontcountry audiences.

Frontcountry Impacts and Visitor Issues Pet waste and management Crowding and user group conflicts Trash Trail erosion

Leave No Trace Publications and Materials

Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics Website: www.LNT.org Training Subaru/Leave No Trace Traveling Trainers Grants and Scholarships PEAK Membership/Partnership State Advocates + Community Comprehensive information about Leave No Trace programs including:

Leave No Trace Training Master Educator Course: Intensive 5-day field-oriented course offered by one of the Center’s course providers in various regions of the country. Trainer Course: Less intensive 2-day course. Designed for group leaders and agency seasonal staff who conduct Leave No Trace workshops and interact with the public. Offered by various Master Educators all over the country. Awareness Workshop: Introduction to Leave No Trace. Variable in length from 30 min to 1 day. Designed for the public. Offered by various Educators/Trainers all over the country.

Leave No Trace Success Stories An estimated 10 million outdoor visitors are reached with Leave No Trace education each year. More than 400 organizations have partnered with the Center to support Leave No Trace education and outreach. Various educational materials including the entire youth program were translated into Spanish to provide much needed tools for land managers and educators working with the rapidly growing Spanish speaking population visiting public lands. Connect Grants for Culturally-Diverse Communities and other grant programs have enabled the Center to provide educational resources and scholarship funds to over 20 organizations working with multicultural populations.

Leave No Trace Involvement Visit the website (www.LNT.org) or call the Center (1-800-332-4100) to obtain Leave No Trace information. Become a supporting member or join as a partner of Leave No Trace. Learn & apply Leave No Trace practices on your next outdoor trip. Take a Leave No Trace Master Educator or Trainer Course and teach others about minimum impact outdoor recreation.

Leave No Trace is about enjoying the outdoors responsibly. It starts with you!