The Beginnings of Our Global Age 1415 -- 1796 You will need AOE CLOZE Notes

Beginning in the late 1400s, European nations explored the seas beyond Europe, hunting for an all-water route to Asia. They did not find it, but they did encounter two previously unknown continents —the Americas.

With their travels and trade, Europeans ushered in the first global age, bringing together people and civilizations from around the world.

i. they desired Asian goods such as spices, silks, and perfumes. and Glory (3 Gs) 1. Europeans began exploring other parts of the world because: a) Gold, God,

ii. they desired knowledge of the world. iii. There were new navigational tools.

3. Prince Henry of Portugal, also called “Henry the Navigator” established a school for sailing.

4. Christopher Columbus a) sailed for Spain b) thought he could sail west to reach the Far East

4. Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain thought he could sail west to reach the Far East landed in the Caribbean Islands established first colonies for Spain.

5. Portugal also claimed lands in the “New world.” a. This caused tension between Spain and France

6. War between Spain and Portugal was avoided when the Pope had them sign the Treaty of Tordesillas a) In this treaty, the Pope drew up a line of demarcation on the map of South America, living all lands west of the line to Spain and all lands east to Portugal.

7. Vasco Núñez de Balboa a. Spanish explorer who traveled through Panama to the Pacific Ocean, which he called the South Sea.

8. Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain. sailed around South America

8. Ferdinand Magellan gave the South Sea the name Pacific Ocean. credited with being the first to sail around the world (circumnavigate) was actually killed in the Philippines.

9. Pedro Cabral Portuguese explorer who claimed Brazil for Portugal.

10. Some effects of the Age of Exploration Europe -- center of world wide trade

10. Some effects of the Age of Exploration Americas -- taken over by Europe

10. Some effects of the Age of Exploration Africa -- slave trade began because of need for labor force in Americas

10. Some effects of the Age of Exploration Asia – limited trade with Europeans

Civilizations of the Americas (1400 B.C.–A.D. 1570) America's first people, nomadic hunter-gatherers, migrated across a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska. Their descendents spread from North America into South America, forming distinctive cultures, each with its own language and way of life.

In time, they became the advanced civilizations of the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. Each had features of a complex civilization —job specialization, a well-organized central government, and a complex religion.

The diverse lands of the Incan empire were united by a strong government, a common language, and an impressive communication system. Religious practices influenced much of daily life.

The Mayas and Aztecs developed writing systems and sophisticated farming methods, and made advances in mathematics and astronomy.

I. Civilizations of Mesoamerica A. cultural region including Mexico and Central America

I. Civilizations of Mesoamerica A. cultural region including Mexico and Central America B. people grew maize (corn), raised animals, and settled villages C. as population grew villages developed into the early, great cities of the Americas

D) Olmecs (1500 B.C.--400 B.C.) 1) earliest American civilization led by priests and nobles

D) Olmecs (1500 B.C. -- 400 B.C.) 1) earliest American civilization led by priests and nobles 2) Olmec culture included carved stone, hieroglyphs, and the calendar

D) Olmecs -- continued earliest American civilization led by priests and nobles 2) Olmec culture included carved stone, hieroglyphs, and the calendar 3) Maya and Aztecs adopted many elements of the Olmec culture

E) Maya (300 B.C. to A.D. 950) 1) Built cities in present day Guatemala

E) Maya -- continued (1) A.D. 250 Golden Age (2) large independent city-states (3) not united politically (4) cities communicated through trade & war

E) Maya 2) Art, Architecture, Religion (1) cities included temples, palaces and stelae (tall stone monuments) (2) scribes carved historical information on stelae (3) wrote about astronomy and religion

F. Aztec (A.D. 1350) civilization in Valley of Mexico Tenochtitlán – capital city; adaptation of geography (1) located on island in lake (2) built artificial islands out of mud and reeds to aid in farming

F. Aztec (A.D. 1350) 3) built an empire 4) constantly at war  brought wealth and power

F. Aztec (A.D. 1350 5) tribute  used to make magnificent cities 6) polytheistic

II) Andean Cultures of South America Chavin (900 B.C.) -- first culture; Peru

II) Andean Cultures of South America Chavin (900 B.C.) -- first culture; Peru (1) Moche (A.D. 100 – 700) – north coast of Peru

II) Andean Cultures of South America B) Nazca (500 B.C. – A.D. 500) – desert of southern Peru

II) Andean Cultures of South America C) Inca (began in 1100s, power expanded in 1438) 1) most powerful of the Andean people

II) Andean Cultures of South America 2) built network of roads: (1) 14,000 miles wind through deserts & mts (2) helped news & armies travel quickly

II) Andean Cultures of South America

II) Andean Cultures of South America 3) ruled by an emperor (1) absolute power (2) also religious leader- (theocracy) (3) efficient government

II) Andean Cultures of South America 4) Unified empire (1) everyone spoke Incan language (2) village leader assigned jobs & organized work for government (3) work split: ½ yr for village, ½ yr for emperor

II) Andean Cultures of South America 5) Geography -- Andes mountains (1) farmers had to adapt to environment  created terraces to farm the steep hillsides (6) Religion (1) polytheistic

II) Andean Cultures of South America 5) Geography -- Andes mountains (1) farmers had to adapt to environment  created terraces to farm the steep hillsides (6) Religion (1) polytheistic

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas (1492–1750) In the late 1400s, the Spanish and other Europeans began to explore the Americas. The Europeans conquered Native Americans and competed for colonies.

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas (1492–1750) In Africa, the slave trade and power struggles created an era of turbulence. Exploration and trade led to increased contact between the peoples of Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas (1492–1750) A global exchange of plants, animals, institutions, and ideas permanently affected people's lives around the world.

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas A) Viceroy – official who ruled in place of the king

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas B) There were viceroys in: New Spain – capital was Mexico City 2) Peru – capital was Lima

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas C) The king set up a Council of the Indies in Spain to make all laws for the colonies. D) Cabildos were town councils made up of wealthy landowners.

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas E) Spain practiced mercantilism, which was the idea that colonies existed to benefit the mother country.

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas F) Spain “stole” all the gold and silver from the Aztecs and the Incas, which made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe.

Another source of income for Spain was the agriculture of the colonies in South America and the West Indies I) Spanish Rule in the Americas

I) Spanish Rule in the Americas

II) The Search for Labor The Spanish needed workers for their mines, plantations and ranches. Encomienda System 1) Spanish settlers were given the right to demand taxes and labor from Native Americans living on “their” land. 2) Whole Native Americans populations were killed.

C) In 1542, Spain passed the New Laws of the Indies. 1) Laws to reform the Encomienda System and outlaw Native American slavery. II) The Search for Labor

(1) From 1500 to 1600 disease and conquest combined to decimate (destroy) the Native population -- 26 million down to two million! II) The Search for Labor

II) The Search for Labor D) Haciendas (1) Large plantations on the best farm land available. (2) Native Americans were left with least productive land.

E) Loss of labor from death of Native Americans  African Slave Trade. II) The Search for Labor

1) Millions of slaves were sent to Americas, Europe and Asia. Europe and Asia – 2.5% British North America – 4.5% Portuguese Brazil – 37% Spanish America including Spanish Caribbean – 15% Other Caribbean islands – 41% II) The Search for Labor

F) The colonists valued Africans because they: 1) were better able to resist diseases, so lived longer than Native Americans II) The Search for Labor

F) The colonists valued Africans because they: 2) Arrived with knowledge of planting and raising crops, most Native Americans did not have that knowledge. II) The Search for Labor

III) Mercantilism & the Hacienda System -- resulted in a strict social class system.

IV) The Portuguese in Brazil A) King of Portugal feared France or England might take over Brazil  divide colony into 15 regions and gave to nobles.

IV) The Portuguese in Brazil B) Donataries – Portuguese nobles, lord of a huge area. 1) Protected land by bringing over colonists to settle his lands. C) Like the Spanish, the Portuguese attempted, unsuccessfully, to use the Native Americans as slaves.

IV) The Portuguese in Brazil D) 3.5 million Africans or 40% of all Africans sent to the Americas became slaves in Brazil. 1) Used for growing sugar cane, coffee & cotton 2) Used to mine gold and diamonds

V The Columbian Exchange A) Cause: 1) Long-term causes (1) Scientific Revolution (2) Europeans search for sea route to Asia

V The Columbian Exchange 2) Immediate causes (1) Columbus and other Europeans arrive in the Americas (2) Europeans bring new plants, animals & diseases to the Americas (3) Europeans encounter new plants & animals in the Americas

V The Columbian Exchange B) Effects: 1) Immediate Effects Spanish defeat Aztec and Incan empires (2) Millions of Native Americans die from “European” diseases

V The Columbian Exchange B) Effects: Immediate Effects (3) Enslaved Africans are sent to Americas (4) American foods, including corn (maize) and potatoes are introduced into Europe

V The Columbian Exchange 2) Long-term Effects Spread of items such as horses, corn, potatoes, and sugar around the world Population growth in Europe, Africa, and Asia Cultural diffusion between Europe and the Americas

V The Columbian Exchange 2) Long-term Effects Population migration from Europe to the Americas Growth of capitalism – economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a profit

V The Columbian Exchange C) Connections to today A multicultural society in the U.S. Worldwide reliance on staples such as corn & potatoes

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange gold silver Gold Silver

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange Corn, potatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange Tobacco, Cotton

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange Horses, cows, pigs

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange

Old World New World The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange gold & silver corn, potatoes, beans, vanilla & chocolate tobacco & cotton

The Columbian Exchange wheat, sugar, rice, coffee horses, cows, pigs smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever

The Columbian Exchange African slaves

Links Exploring the World: The Age of Exploration Begins from Cosmeo.com user name:LHSsocialstudies password: socialstudies http://www.cosmeo.com/videoTitle.cfm?&nodeid=&guidAssetId=CD6DF36D-B595-40F0-8064-D6C6B885A409 Spain in the Age of Exploration, 1492-1819 Special Exhibition October 16, 2004–January 2, 2005 SAM Simonyi Special Exhibition Gallery http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibit/exhibitDetail.asp?eventID=4641 Prince Henry the Navigator ; The Shipyards of Portugal from Cosmeo.com http://www.cosmeo.com/videoTitle.cfm?guidAssetId=4c8d132c-0eae-49dc-a61d-86e488eca7f5&&nodeid= Early History ; The Olmecs; The Maya; The Aztec; from Cosmeo.com http://www.cosmeo.com/videoTitle.cfm?guidAssetId=ee1e8fa6-eb10-4ad9-82fd-40192cf8ff28 The Mayan City of Tikal http://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Guatemala/Tikal/index.html Panoramic Maya pyramid http://www.fullscreenqtvr.com/mayan_pyramids/

The chinampas of Xochimilco, Mexico http://www.western.edu/faculty/pcrossley/chinampasofmexico/main.htm -- Tenochtitlán http://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Mexico/Teotihuacan/index.html The Incan City of Macchu Pichu; http://www.cosmeo.com/videoTitle.cfm?&nodeid=&guidAssetId=741E5170-8165-488C-8B8C-29D28EB57DFF Interactive trail to Machu Pichu http://agutie.homestead.com/files/inca_trail_machu_picchu_map.html0