Israel Zionism Political movement Theodor Herzl, 1897 Objective: secure a homeland for the Jewish people Balfour Declaration, 1917 Supports concept of a Jewish homeland Jewish immigration to Palestine 1922—British mandate to govern Palestine Rising conflict between Arabs and Jews

Israel UN Partition Plan for Palestine Division into Jewish and Arab areas British evacuate Palestine in 1948 Proclamation of Israel as a State (May 14, 1948) 1948: Arab Invasion (War of Independence) Egyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, and Syrian forces Armistice (1949) 500,000 Palestinian Refugees Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

Arab-Israeli Conflicts 1956: Suez War 1967: Six Day War Israel gains control of: Gaza Strip Sinai Peninsula ‘West Bank’ of Jordan River East sector of Jerusalem Golan Heights in Syria 1973: Yom Kippur War

Arab-Israeli Conflicts Golan Heights—return to Syria? Security Zone—return to Lebanon? Jerusalem The West Bank—Palestinian Homeland? The Palestinians—refugee problem Arab/Islamic disruption—impact of extremist groups

Jerusalem Holy to Jews, Christians and Muslims Judaism: Capitol of Jewish kingdom 3000 years ago; faith took form in the First Temple, destroyed by Babylonians in 586 BC; rebuilt as Second Temple—destroyed by Romans in 70 AD Christianity: Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ; crucifixion and ascent Islam: Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven , 7th Century AD; Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem 1947—United Nations did not include Jerusalem as part of Israel 1947—Palestine partition resolution designated Jerusalem as an ‘open city’ 1948-49—War and transfer of Israeli government from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem 1967—War and aftermath changed boundaries again 1980—Jerusalem reaffirmed as the capital of Israel

The Arabian Peninsula Oil, desert, and strategic location Islam—Wahhabism, especially in Saudi Arabia The Persian Gulf High income economies

The Arabian Peninsula Saudi Arabia Kuwait Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates Oman Yemen

The Empire States Turkey and Iran Imperial heritage Arab ethnicity gives way but Islamic culture continues High mountains and plateaus vs. rocky and sandy desert

Turkey Turkish Ottoman Empire Nomadic people from the steppes and forests of Siberia 6th century—establish an empire stretching from Mongolia to the Black Sea Spread the Turkic language far and wide Declined in the early 1800s Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Father of modern Turkey Moved capital from Constantinople to Ankara Westernized Turkey and broke free from the Arab World

Turkey Westernization Islam lost official status Roman alphabet replaced Arabic Islamic law replaced by Western code Monogamy becomes law Women gain rights Turkey separate from Arab World Kurdish Population 14 million—1/5 of Turkey’s 75.8 million Southeast Turkey and Iraq; recently Istanbul Islamic fundamentalism ByzantiumConstantinopleIstanbul

Iran A county of mountains and deserts Population of 72 million 67% urbanized Nomadism Oil reserves 1980-1990 War with Iraq Cultural ties with Iraq, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan Predominantly Shi’ites Nuclear power? International standoff

Turkestan Region not a country Central Asia Five Former Soviet Republics Six states and an Autonomous Region of China Inhabited mostly by Turkic people speaking Turkic languages Oil, cotton, poppies (opium) Pastoralism Varying degrees of global engagement Environmental problems Shrinking of Aral Sea 1960s 1990s

Turkestan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan

Afghanistan Buffer state Turbulent history Mujahedeen Taliban era Operation Enduring Freedom