Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan Population of 173.9 million 77% Sunni Muslims; 20% Shi’ite minority Regions Punjab Sind Baluchistan Northwest Frontier Tribal Areas

Pakistan 38% urbanized Low-income economy Cotton-based textile industry Rice production Economic liberalization began in 1990 to boost foreign and domestic private investment Supports a large military establishment and is a regional power Political turmoil Key U.S. ally

Kashmir During independence and partition Jammu & Kashmir faced with the choice of joining either Hindu India or Muslim Pakistan Hindu maharajah but Muslim population 1980-88 Muslim extemists continue insurgency 1990-95 nearly 10,000 die during sporadic fighting 2004 bus route opened linking India and Pakistan Remains an unstable area

India Encompasses ¾ of South Asia’s total area A federation of 28 states, 6 UTS, 1 NCT Population of 1.158 billion people and rising 14 major and numerous minor languages Centripetal v. centrifugal forces Diverse peoples: Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs Caste system Hindutva Democratic institutions Education

India GNI of $3,460 per person 38% live below the poverty line A mixture of traditional village farming and modern agriculture Manufacturing—long a protected economy Clothing industry Emerging economy Services Technology

Agriculture in India Farming as a way of life and an enduring tradition

Industry in India Traditional manufacturing and 21st century IT work

India’s Rise as a Center of Technology Why has India done so well developing in the information technology sector? Culture highly values education Excellent centers of higher education particularly in the sciences Legacy of colonialism; English as the lingua franca of educated Indians

India’s Great Cities Mumbai (Bombay)—19.3 million Achieved ‘primacy’ based on its situation (Suez Canal) Kolkata (Calcutta)—15 million Former British colonial capital Adversely affected by partition Delhi (New and Old)—16.4 million British and Indian seat of government

Bangladesh Independent since 1971 At Partition was ‘East Pakistan’ 85% Muslim, 12% Hindu 152.2 million people Very densely populated: Physiologic density=1,678 per sq. km GNI is $2,090 US dollars Threatened by potential flooding of the Ganges River and cyclones off the Bay of Bengal

Bangladesh Low levels of technological advancement One of the world’s poorest and least developed states Economy is overwhelmingly agricultural Cultivation of rice is the single most important activity in the economy; jute (for sacking) production is also important

The Mountainous North Nepal Home of the world’s highest mountains The Himalayas Political turmoil; failed state Bhutan Closed to the outside world Buddhist ‘Happiness’

The Southern Islands Maldives > 1,000 islands < 115 sq. mi/300 sq. km Population of about 300,000 Overwhelmingly Muslim Highest GNI in the realm due to tourism Threatened by sea-level rise

Sri Lanka Formerly Ceylon Independent since 1948 20.1 million (70% Buddhist) Plantation agriculture: Tea, rubber, coconuts South and west (majority of population) Aryan Buddhist Speak Sinhala (Indo-European) North and east (18% of the population Dravidian Hindu Tamil language

Sri Lanka Sinhalese vs. Tamils Tamils demand equal rights Education Employment Land ownership Language and politics Insurgent state LTTE—Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam