INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 9th Edition Chapter 6 Specialized Roles of Police By Henry M. Wrobleski and Kären M. Hess

Chapter 7 2 Specialized Functions of Police Investigators Profilers Psychics Intelligence officers Juvenile officers Vice officers SWAT officers K-9 assisted officers Reserve officers

Chapter 7 3 Investigation Investigators must be objective Preliminary investigation – first responder priorities (next slide) Discovery crimes (75%) vs. involvement crimes (25% - rapid response) Locard’s Exchange Principle – offender and crime scene interact with/affect each other Solvability factors – witnesses, evidence

Chapter 7 4 First Responder Priorities Initial response/receipt of information Safety procedures Emergency care Secure and control persons at the scene Boundaries: identify, establish, protect and secure Turn over control of the scene and brief investigator(s) in charge Document actions and observations

Chapter 7 5 Investigative Responsibilities Secure the crime scene – contamination Record all facts related to the case Photograph/measure/sketch crime scene Obtain and identify evidence Protect and store evidence Interview and interrogate Assist in identifying suspects

Chapter 7 6 Photographs vs. Sketches Both photographs and sketches of the crime scene are usually needed Photographs: include all details can show items close up Sketches: can be selective can show much larger areas

Chapter 7 7 Evidence Investigators recognize, collect, mark, preserve, and transport physical evidence in sufficient quantity for analysis and without contamination

Chapter 7 8 Evidence protection Chain of evidence – documentation of collection and handling of evidence Evidence tracking system

Chapter 7 9 DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid DNA profiling uses the material from which chromosomes are made to positively identify individuals No two individuals, except identical twins, have the same DNA structure DNAWitnessTM 2.5

Chapter 7 10 Interviewing and Interrogating Interview those with information about a crime: Victims Witnesses Complainants Informants Interrogate suspects, those believed connected with a crime Videotaping interrogations

Chapter 7 11 Identifying Suspects Basic types of identification: Field identification at-the-scene soon after crime is committed based on totality of circumstances Photographic identification (e.g., mug shots) Lineup identification Simultaneous vs. sequential lineups Modus operandi

Chapter 7 12 Crime Scene Investigation Units Some departments have an entire unit to assist in processing the crime scene Very specialized knowledge both in science and criminal processes It provides support services in the form of crime scene processing, fingerprint identification, and forensic photography The CSU responds to major crime scenes to detect, preserve, document, impound, and collect physical evidence (Weissberg, 2001, p.45) Computer forensics

Chapter 7 13 Specialized Forensics Investigations Computer forensics Law enforcement phlebotomist Forensic entomology Forensic nursing Teleforensics Forensic sculpturing and 3D Imaging

Chapter 7 14 Profilers Detective’s focus: Height Weight Race Gender Age Accent M.O. Profiler’s focus: Personality Psyche Pathology Resultant behaviors Profilers develop more complete portraits of serial criminals

Chapter 7 15 Intelligence Officers Undercover assignments Ongoing investigations into criminal activity, such as illegal sale of guns, drug rings, organized crime Risk of entrapment Light cover and deep cover Internal Affairs (IA) Investigating officers within the department Often unpopular with peers and labeled “rat”

Chapter 7 16 Juvenile Officers Because juveniles commit a disproportionate number of local crimes, all officers are juvenile officers much of the time. Officers have broad discretion and may do any of the following: Release to parents Refer to other agency Place in detention Refer to juvenile court

Chapter 7 17 Vice Officers Vice officers usually concentrate their efforts on Illegal gambling (gaming) Prostitution Pornography Narcotics Liquor violations

Chapter 7 18 SWAT Officers SWAT team officers are immediately available, flexible, mobile officers used to deploy against any emergency or crime problem. They seek to contain and neutralize dangerous situations.

Chapter 7 19 K-9-Assisted Officers K-9s may be specifically trained in Search Attack and capture Drug detection Bomb detection Crime deterrence

Chapter 7 20 Reserve Officers Also called auxiliary police Patrol in uniform as visible symbol of law enforcement Cannot write citations Variety of functions: public education programs, street patrol, search and rescue Used more in smaller, rural agencies

Chapter 7 21 Pros and Cons of Specializations Cons Tendency to miss the “big picture” Less flexibility Lack of coordination with other units Supervision needs Pros Attention is narrowly focused Officers develop expertise Efficiency is improved Officers become very effective in accomplishing their mission It is fairly simple to measure effectiveness