You have an old version of Adobe's Flash Player or JavaScript is turned off. Get the latest Flash player here.


		0

Flag

Like this presentation?

No comments posted yet

1-10 of 34

1-10 of 34

Presentation Notes

Slide 2

Terms: Binary Representation – Internal language of every computer. 8 bits = 1 Byte, 4 bits = 1 nibble, 1 Byte = 1 Character Bit has value of either 1 or 0. CPU – Central Processing Unit – The computer’s brain I/O Device – Input or output device attached to computer. Input: keyboard, microphone, mouse Output: printer, monitor, speakers. Primary Memory - Random Access Memory (RAM) – Fast, short-term volatile memory. Lost when computer loses power. Secondary Memory - Hard Disk, CD-ROM, DVD or Tape: long-term storage, relatively slow response when compared to RAM memory. Virtual Memory - (VM) is used by a computer to free RAM ("fast" memory) so it can be used by running software. The computer automatically uses VM when a user wants to run more software than can fit into RAM. Once RAM fills up with software and data, the computer can’t load another application into RAM unless it moves some of the contents of RAM out. So, the computer moves software/data out of RAM and onto the hard disk (“slow” memory), and then loads the new program into RAM. Recall that a CPU can only process instructions from RAM. Hence, as the user chooses a running program (clicks on a window), the computer automatically moves the inactive program/data out of RAM to disk and moves the active program from disk back into RAM. This is called “swapping” and, as you might imagine, results in very slow performance as your software and data is moved back and forth between memory and disk. The solution to this problem is to add more RAM to the computer.

Slide 3

Motherboard - Also known as a mainboard, logic board or system board, and sometimes abbreviated as “mobo”, is the central or primary circuit board making up the complex electronic system that is the basis for a computer.A motherboard Contains sockets and wiring to permit connectivity and communication between all computer components. A typical computer is built with the CPU, main memory, and other basic components on the motherboard. Other components of the computer such as external storage, control circuits for video display and sound, and peripheral devices typically attach to the motherboard via “Daughter-cards” (Auxiliary cards), ribbon cables, other data cables and power connectors. AGP slot – An AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) slot is a connector on your motherboard specifically designed for use with a video card. The AGP slot provides the fast connection and bandwidth that your video card needs to communicate with your processor and your display. BIOS - Short for Basic Input-Output System; this is a chip (or set of chips) in your computer that controls how your computer communicates with some of the basic hardware components in your system, such as the keyboard, floppy drive, and hard disk. On system boot, the BIOS tells the computer how to access and load the Operating System from the hard disk to RAM. Once loaded the O/S takes control over normal processing.

Slide 4

A computer consists of six major subsystems: Central processing unit Primary memory - RAM Input/Output devices Storage devices – Hard disk, USB Drive, DVD drive Network connection

Slide 7

CPU: A central processing unit (CPU) refers to part of a computer that interprets and carries out, or processes, instructions and data contained in the software. The more generic term processor can be used to refer to a CPU as well. Microprocessors are CPUs that are manufactured on integrated circuits, often as a single-chip package. Since the mid-1970s, these single-chip microprocessors have become the most common and prominent implementation of CPUs, and today the term is almost always applied to this form. Intel 4004 1970 - The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz (a tenth of 1 megahertz) and contained 2300 transistors. Its speed is estimated at 0.06 MIPS. It cost less than $100. Gordon Moore, Intel's CEO at the time, hailed it as "one of the most revolutionary products in the history of mankind." By comparison, Intel's microprocessor, the P6 , runs at 133 MHz, contains 5.5 million transistors, and executes 300 MIPS. Intel 8080 1974 If you drive, your life depends on this chip. Introduced in April 1974, the 8080 was first widely used as a traffic-light controller. It found its way a year later into the world's first personal computer: the MITS Altair. Motorola 68000 1979 - More than any other, this is the microprocessor that helped establish the GUI. In 1983, four years after its introduction, it appeared in Apple's Lisa, a unique computer but a commercial flop that nevertheless paved the way for the Macintosh in 1984. IBM – Oct, 2002: IBM scientists announced that they've developed the smallest-ever logic circuit. The entire circuit covers less than a trillionth of a square inch. The equivalent circuit made from state-of-the-art silicon transistors takes up 260,000 times as much space. Although "logic circuits" can only complete simple calculation sorts of functions, the fact that these scientists used carbon monoxide compared to the traditional, larger-sized silicon molecules is a tangible leap into the nanotechnology edge for computer advancement.

Slide 8

Random access memory, commonly known as “RAM”, is a type of computer storage whose contents can be accessed in any order (i.e. random). RAM can be BOTH written to and read from, in contrast to read-only memory (ROM). Important RAM Characteristics: RAM is extremely fast RAM is typically used for primary storage (main memory) RAM is used to hold active applications (Word, Excel) and actively changing information (documents, spreadsheets). In this sense, RAM is often called “working memory”. Note that the CPU can only interact with data that has been loaded into RAM. Hence, all applications and must be loaded into RAM before any changes can be made to the data. RAM is volatile, meaning it retains data only while it has power. ROM – Read-only memory. Unlike RAM, you can only read data from ROM. Also, ROM is non-volatile so it does not lose data once the computer power is turned off. BIOS is stored in ROM because the BIOS is needed to load the operating system into RAM every time the computer is booted.

Slide 9

Slide 10

Virtual Memory - (VM) is used by a computer to free RAM ("fast" memory) so it can be used by running software. The computer automatically uses VM when a user wants to run more software than can fit into RAM. Once RAM fills up with software and data, the computer can’t load another application into RAM so it uses virtual memory to free up space in RAM. Recall that a CPU can only process instructions from RAM. Hence, as the user clicks on a window of an open but inactive program, the operating system automatically moves the least recently used program out of RAM to disk (“slow” memory) and moves the activated program from disk back into RAM. This process is called “swapping” and, as you might imagine, results in very slow performance as your software and data is moved back and forth between memory and disk. Swapping is a helpful but inefficient process. Solutions: 1) add more RAM to the computer & 2) Close some applications.

Slide 11

1. POST – Tests the motherboard and all components connected to the motherboard for proper functioning. 2. Load BIOS: The Basic Input Output System is loaded to tell the computer where to find the operating system on the hard disk. BIOS is stored in Read Only Memory (ROM), memory that is preserved even when the computer is turned off. (see below) 3. The Operating System is loaded from the hard disk into memory where it takes over computer operations. 4. Once the O/S is loaded, other applications can be loaded into memory and run. ROM – Read-only memory. Unlike RAM, you can only read data from ROM. Also, ROM is non-volatile so it does not lose data once the computer power is turned off. BIOS is stored in ROM because the BIOS is needed to load the operating system into RAM every time the computer is booted.

Slide 12

Apr 26, 2006 Seagate to Debut 750GB Hard Drive Seagate Technology will debut on Wednesday its new 750GB hard disk drives, giving users of digital media the ability to store 50 percent more content on their computers than in the past, the Associated Press reports via the New York Post. Seagate’s Barracuda 7200.10 is the world’s first desktop PC disk drive with 750GB of storage, and it surpasses the previous hard drive storage limit of 500GB by 50 percent, according to the AP. Initially, Seagate is releasing the product as an internal drive, but it will offer an external drive next week for $559 that allows users to build onto their existing desktop PCs for extra storage or for data backup, the AP reports. The company also plans to release similar drives for other electronics equipment like digital cameras, according to the AP. A 750GB drive can hold up to 375 hours of standard television programming, 75 hours of high-definition video and more than 10,000 audio CDs converted into MP3 files, the AP reports. The boost in storage capacity marks the largest, most significant improvement in the 50 years since the hard drive industry was first formed, according to the AP. A technique called “perpendicular recording” enables drive producers like Seagate and rival Hitachi Global Storage Technologies to increase storage capacity by stacking bits of data vertically as opposed to horizontally, as was the norm in the past, the AP reports. Check out our CIO News Alerts and Tech Informer pages for more updated news coverage.

Slide 13

1970s: 1970’s Data Storage 1971 – FLOPPY DISKS - IBM introduced with the System/370 in 1971. Floppy disks were invented in 1952 by Yoshiro Nakamatsu, eighteen years before IBM "introduced" them. IBM's "first" floppies were 8 inches in diameter and held 80 K bytes of data. Floppies were not used for regular program or data storage on the 370, but they became key to the development of the personal computer in the late 1970s. cf: http://www.japaninc.net/article.php?articleID=653 and Yoshiro Nakamatsu

Slide 14

Disk formatting is the process of preparing a hard disk or other storage medium for use by the file system of an operating system. A variety of utilities and programs exist for this task. Formatting a drive destroys the data contains on the hard drive, effectively deleting it. It's vital to make back-ups of important data beforehand. Corrupted operating system software can be reinstalled by reformatting the disk and reinstalling the O/S. FYI: Formatting a disk involves two quite different processes known as "low-level formatting" and "high-level formatting." The first deals with formatting disk surfaces as required by the disk controller hardware; the latter with software-specific information written by a specific operating system. Low-level formatting is performed by the disk manufacturer. High level formatting is usually performed by the PC manufacturer and can be performed by the PC owner if the disk becomes corrupt after purchase. As par of the high-level formatting process, the O/S writes a directory starting in the first track of the newly formatted disk. This directory contains the locations (addresses) of both usable sectors and “bad sectors” on the disk.

Slide 20

Truecolor Truecolor can frequently mimic many colors found in the real world, producing 16.7 million distinct colors. This approaches the level at which the human eye can distinguish colors for most photographic images. 24-bit Truecolor uses 8 bits to represent red, 8 bits to represent blue, and 8 bits to represent green. 28 = 256 levels of each of these three color can therefore be combined to give a total of 16,777,216 mixed colors (256 x 256 x 256).

Slide 21

Baud: bits per second. This term describes the rate of digital data flow. Mbps: Megabits per second MBps: Megabytes per second Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred through a digital connection in a given time period (in other words, the connection's bit rate). When referring to bit rate, impress your friends and call it throughput. In such cases, throughput is usually measured in bits or bytes per second. Test your network speed at home: - Bandwidth test Link: http://gambitdesign.com/bandwidthmeter/initialmeter.php

Slide 22

Improvements in data transfer speed At 4.5 MB time (hrs.) to download = 12.50 4.17 0.52 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 At 15MB time (hrs.) to download = 41.67 13.89 1.74 0.43 0.29 0.14 0.13 0.07 0.00 0.00 Year Speed Scale 1978 100 baud 1984 300 baud 1988 1,200 baud 1990 2,400 baud 1993 14,400 baud 1995 28,800 baud 1997 33,000 baud 1998 56,000 baud 1999 1,500,000 baud (or 1.5 Mbps) 2005 3,200,000 baud (or 3.2 Mbps)

Slide 23