Section 2.1: Latitude and Longitude Section 2.2: Types of Maps Section 2.3: Remote Sensing Mapping Our World 2

Objectives Describe the difference between latitude and longitude. Explain why it is important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location. Explain why there are different time zones from one geographic area to the next. Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Review Vocabulary time zone: a geographic region within which the same standard time is used Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

cartography equator latitude New Vocabulary longitude prime meridian International Date Line Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Maps are flat models of three-dimensional objects. The science of mapmaking is called cartography. Latitude Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Latitude The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0 latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves. Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator. Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1 The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude. Latitude

Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0 longitude. Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole. Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1 Longitude

Longitude The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude. Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Longitude Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate positions on Earth precisely. Using coordinates Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Longitude Time zones Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1 In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. However, there are some exceptions.

The International Date Line, 180 meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days. Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one day. Longitude Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1

Latitude and Longitude Section 2.1 Please click the image above to view the video.

Objectives Compare and contrast different types of maps. Explain why different maps are used for different purposes. Calculate gradients on a topographic map. Types of Maps Section 2.2

Review Vocabulary parallel: extending in the same direction and never intersecting Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. Types of Maps Section 2.2

New Vocabulary Mercator projection conic projection gnomonic projection topographic map contour line contour interval geologic map map legend map scale Types of Maps Section 2.2

Projections Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper. Types of Maps Section 2.2

A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude. Projections Types of Maps Section 2.2 It clearly indicates direction in straight lines. It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

Projections Types of Maps Section 2.2 A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas. It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

Projections Types of Maps Section 2.2 A gnomonic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point. It is most useful for planning long travel routes. It is used for navigation.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Please click the image above to view the video.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Topographic Maps Topographic maps are detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.

A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map. The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval. Types of Maps Section 2.2 Topographic Maps

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Topographic Maps Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation. Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Geologic Maps A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. It may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Please click the image above to view the interactive table.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Topographic Maps When scientists need to visualize Earth three-dimensionally, they often rely on computers to digitize features such as rivers, mountains, valleys, and hills. Three-dimensional maps

Map Legends A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent. Types of Maps Section 2.2

A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Map Scales Types of Maps Section 2.2 Verbal scales When referring to maps, verbal scales are statements used to express distance.

Types of Maps Section 2.2 Map Scales Graphic scales Graphic scales consist of a line that represents a certain distance. These are the most common types of map scale. Fractional scales Fractional scales express distance as a ratio between two units of the same type.

Objectives Compare and contrast different types of remote sensing. Discuss how satellites and sonar are used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans. Describe the Global Positioning System and how it works. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Review Vocabulary satellite: natural or human-made object that orbits Earth, the Moon, or other celestial body New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

remote sensing Landsat satellite TOPEX/Poseidon satellite sonar Global Positioning System Geographic Information System New Vocabulary Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Landsat Satellite The process of gathering data about Earth using instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes, or ships is called remote sensing. Landsat satellites record reflected wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation from Earth’s surface, and then computers convert the information into digital images. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Landsat Satellite Landsat data are also used to study the movements of Earth’s plates, rivers, earthquakes, and pollution. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite uses radar to map features on the ocean floor. The satellite transmits high-frequency signals to the surface of the ocean. The receiving device picks up the reflected echo. The distance is calculated using the known speed of light and the time it takes for the signal to be reflected. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Remote Sensing Section 2.3 Scientists also use TOPEX/Poseidon to estimate global sea levels and study tidal changes and global ocean currents.

Sea Beam Sonar is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater. Sea Beam technology uses sonar to map the ocean floor from a ship. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Sea Beam A sound wave is sent from a ship toward the ocean floor. A receiving device picks up the returning echo when it bounces off the seafloor. A computer calculates the distance from the ship to the ocean floor using the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the sound to be reflected. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Sea Beam Remote Sensing Section 2.3 Sea Beam technology is used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists.

The Global Positioning System Remote Sensing Section 2.3 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigation system that allows users to locate their approximate position on Earth. These satellites can also relay information to a GPS receiver about elevation, direction of movement, and speed.

The Global Positioning System Uses for GPS technology GPS technology is used extensively in navigation by airplanes and ships. GPS receivers also help people in everyday life to find a destination or determine their current location. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

The Geographic Information System Remote Sensing Section 2.3 The Geographic Information System (GIS) uses a worldwide database to create layers, or “themes,” of information that can be placed one on top of the other to create a comprehensive map.

The Geographic Information System GIS map layers remain linked to the original information, so if the original information changes, the GIS layers also change. The result is a map that is always up-to-date. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Visualizing GPS Satellites GPS receivers detect signals from the 27 GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Using signals from at least three satellites, the receiver can calculate location within 10 m. Remote Sensing Section 2.3

Remote Sensing Section 2.3 Please click the image above to view the video.

Chapter Resource Menu Section Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice Earth Science Online Glencoe Earth Science Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animations Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Study Guide Mapping Our World 2

Key Concepts Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth. Latitude lines run parallel to the equator. Longitude lines run from pole to pole. Study Guide 2

Both latitude and longitude lines are necessary to locate exact places on Earth. Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each 15 wide, that help regulate daylight hours across the world. 2 Study Guide Key Concepts Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude

Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms. Different types of projections are used for different purposes. Geologic maps help Earth scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations. Section 2.2 Types of Maps 2 Study Guide Key Concepts

Maps often contain a map legend that allows the user to determine what the symbols on the map signify. The map scale allows the user to determine the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Section 2.2 Types of Maps 2 Study Guide Key Concepts

New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps. Remote sensing is an important part of modern cartography. Satellites are used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface. Section 2.3 Remote Sensing 2 Study Guide Key Concepts

Sonar is also used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface. GPS is a navigational tool that is now used in many everyday items. Section 2.3 Remote Sensing 2 Study Guide Key Concepts

Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other. a. true b. false 2.1 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

Where on Earth is 0 latitude? a. the north pole b. the south pole c. the equator d. the prime meridian 2.1 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape? 2.1 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

Answer: Some time zone boundaries were drawn to have irregular shapes for convenience. To avoid confusion, some boundaries were adjusted so that they did not divide a particular town or city. 2.1 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

Topographic contours on a map can never cross. a. true b. false 2.2 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

a. 1:20,000 b. 1:40,000 c. 1:63,500 d. 1:100,000 Maps are produced at various scales. At which fractional scale does one unit on the map represent the largest distance on the ground? 2.2 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

A geologic map has many different colors. What do the colors represent? a. different surface temperatures b. different types of rock formations c. different geologic terrain d. different elevations 2.2 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

At least how many Global Positioning System satellites are needed to fix a location? a. two b. three c. four d. five 2.3 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

A radar signal is sent from a satellite to the ocean’s surface. What information must be known to calculate distance from the return echo? a. speed and time of the echo b. wavelength and time of the echo c. power and speed of the echo d. time and power of the echo 2.3 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2

What advantages does remote sensing have over other methods of data acquisition? 2.3 Section Questions Mapping Our World 2 Answer: Remote sensing allows data to be acquired from a large region quickly, and the data can be updated frequently. Remote sensing can also be used to acquire data from remote locations that would be difficult to observe directly.

The contours at a location on a topographic map are very close together. What does this suggest about the land surface? a. The land has a high elevation. b. The land has a low elevation. c. The land has a steep slope. d. The land has a gentle slope. Chapter Assessment Questions Mapping Our World 2

How does the time change when passing from east to west across the International Date Line? a. It moves ahead one day. b. It moves back one day. c. It moves ahead one hour. d. It moves back one hour. Chapter Assessment Questions Mapping Our World 2

At which latitude is the distance between meridians of longitude smallest? a. 30 N b. 50 S c. 80 N d. 75 S Chapter Assessment Questions Mapping Our World 2

Chapter Assessment Questions Mapping Our World 2 Which representation of Earth is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto paper that touches the globe at a single point? a. Mercator projection b. gnomonic projection c. geologic map d. conic projection

How are maps that consist of many layers of data made? Answer: These maps are made by using the Geographic Information System. Data from remote sensing or other sources are fed to a computer. The digitized data then can be read, displayed, and analyzed as separate layers or as superimposed layers. Chapter Assessment Questions Mapping Our World 2

When it is 10:00 P.M. in New York City, where on Earth is the time 5:00 A.M.? a. five time zones to the east b. five time zones to the west c. seven time zones to the east d. seven time zones to the west Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2

A truck driver is on a north-south highway. About how far must the driver travel to cover one degree of latitude? a. 42 kilometers b. 111 kilometers c. 530 kilometers d. 725 kilometers Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2

a. gnomonic projection b. Mercator projection c. geologic map d. topographic map A group of hikers wants to plan a safe route to the top of a mountain. Which type of resource would be most useful for this purpose? Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2

The Global Positioning System has many applications. Describe three different uses for this system. Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2

Possible answer: The Global Positioning System is used for the navigation of planes and ships. It is used by scientists to measure land elevation and track movement. Everyday uses of the technology include handheld or mounted receivers that can direct a person to a specific address or location. Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2

A Mercator projection of the world is displayed at the front of a classroom. How is the projection misleading? Standardized Test Practice Mapping Our World 2 Answer: On a Mercator projection, meridians are shown as parallel lines. As a result, the size of landmasses located near the poles is greatly exaggerated.

Mapping Our World 2 Glencoe Earth Science Transparencies

Mapping Our World 2 Image Bank

Section 2.1 Vocabulary cartography equator latitude longitude prime meridian International Date Line Mapping Our World 2

Mercator projection conic projection gnomonic projection topographic map contour line contour interval geologic map map legend map scale Section 2.2 Vocabulary Mapping Our World 2

remote sensing Landsat satellite TOPEX/Poseidon satellite sonar Global Positioning System Geographic Information System Section 2.3 Vocabulary Mapping Our World 2

Time Zones Map Projections Types of Maps and Projections Visualizing GPS Satellites Animations 2