8

7

6

5

4

3

Suarez, Joseph P4

Assignment #02.04

The twentieth century saw countless innovations in science and technology. These developments have changed the way people experience transportations, entertainment, communications, astronomy, and warfare. Even some mysteries of life itself were solved between 1900 and today.

2

Technology

The world’s leaders in science and technology

As the nineteenth century drew to a close, Charles H. Duell surveyed the incredible advancements in science and technology that were coming to dominate like in the United States and found it hard to imagine further innovation.

3

The smaller world of technology includes:

A Smaller World

Automobiles

Planes

Telephones

Radios

4

The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile. However, we can point to the many firsts that occurred along the way. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by Leonardo Da Vinci and Isaac Newton.

The dream of flying is as old as mankind itself. However, the concept of the airplane has only been around for two centuries. Before that time, men and women tried to navigate the air by imitating the birds.
The trouble is, it works better at bird scale than it does at the much larger scale needed to lift both a man and a machine off the ground. So folks began to look for other ways to fly. Beginning in 1783, a few aeronauts made daring, uncontrolled flights in lighter than air balloons, but this was hardly a practical way to fly. There was no way to get from here to there unless the wind was blowing in the desired direction.
It wasn’t until the turn of the nineteenth century that an English baronet from the gloomy moors of Yorkshire conceived a flying machine with fixed wings, a propulsion system, and movable control surfaces. Sir George Cayley also built the first true airplane a kite mounted on a stick with a movable tail. It was crude, but it proved his idea worked, and from that first humble glider evolved the amazing machines that have taken us to the edge of space at speeds faster than sound.
This wing of the museum focuses on the history of the airplane, from its conception in 1799 to our hopes for its future. Because we are a museum of early aviation, we don’t spend a great deal of time on those years after Orville Wright closed the doors of the Wright Company in 1916. We concentrate on the development of the airplane before World War I, when flying machines were odd contraptions of stick, cloth, and wire; engines were temperamental and untrustworthy; and pilots were never quite sure whether they’d be able to coax their machine into the air or bring it down in one piece.

Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. The actual history of the telephone is a subject of complex dispute. The controversy began with the success of the invention and continues today. Some of the inventors credited with inventing the telephone include Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. Bell's experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you."

Radios were another innovation of the nineteenth century that by the first half of the twentieth century would prove to be invaluable in speeding up communications. Unlike the telephone, the radio required no wires. In 1895, the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the first “wireless signal” a distance of one mile, making use of a new innovation, the antenna. The development of Marconi’s wireless was a significant breakthrough, particularly for the shipping industry.

The Miracle of Television

5

The rise of television began in 1897 when a man named K. F. Braun made the cathode-ray tube. This invention was the beginnings of television. Fourteen years later, a Scottish engineer, A. A. Campbell, suggested that cathode-ray tubes could be used to transmit pictures. However, in 1911, the technology wasn't sufficient to experiment with this idea. A. A. Campbell's ideas would have to be used later in time.
.

In 1925, C. Francis Jenkins had used some of Campbell's ideas to create actual transmitted pictures on screens. Jenkins even presented the Secretary of the Navy with a demonstration of the world's first television system. The Navy used this information to transmit images from one ship to another ship while at sea

The picture here does not show cathode-ray tubes, but rather old vaccuum tubes. They were used in making the first television sets. They stopped being put into television sets around 1960. They came in different sizes and models depending on what they were used for. Each one would do something for different parts of the TV, such as the picture or the sound.



The first Emmy Awards were presented in 1949 because by then, over one million television sets had been made. The following year, morning children programs began being shown. And after six more years, television's gross income was finally higher than radios, about 590 million. The next year, the first color programs were broadcast nightly during the week. In 1957, a news cast was videotaped instead of broadcasting live. After that, video tape was used more than ever. Later in 1967, Public Television was formed.
The history of television is a long and interesting one. Although many people think of television as a waste of time, many inventions would not be possible today if it were not for their discoveries during the making of television.

6

The Race For Space

For over a decade, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a heated competition: the space race. The space race began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and the American presidents Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon all agreed that conquering outer space was very important. Both countries wanted to win, to prove their scientific superiority and to show their military strength.

Soviet Premier Khrushchev wanted to show that communist technology was superior. President Kennedy wanted to beat the Soviets to the moon. Speaking about the prospect of sending astronauts to the moon in 1961, Kennedy said, "No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space. And none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish."

In 1957, The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite. "Sputnik" is the Russian word for "Traveler."

In 1958, The United States launches its first satellite, Explorer I. Also, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was formed in the United States.

In 1959, The Soviet Union launches Luna 2. This is the first space probe to hit the moon.

In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit the Earth. Also, Alan Shepard Jr. becomes the first American astronaut in space.

In 1962, John Glenn, Jr. becomes the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth.

In 1963, The first woman in space is Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.

In 1968, The United States launches Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon.

In 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins make it to the moon. Armstrong is the first man to walk on the moon and was followed by Buzz Aldrin.

By reaching the moon first, the United States won the space race. Soviet and U.S. leaders knew that being the first country to land on the moon would be an extremely important media event. The world watched each country’s progress with great interest. Scientists and government leaders in both countries were under intense pressure to meet tough deadlines.

7

The Atomic Age

The Atomic Age in the 1950s
The phrase stems from the feeling of nuclear optimism in the 1950s in which it was believed that all power sources in the future would be atomic in nature. The atomic bomb would render all conventional explosives obsolete and nuclear power plants would do the same for power sources such as coal and oil. There was a general feeling that everything would use a nuclear power source of some sort, in a positive and productive way, from irradiating food to preserve it, to the development of nuclear medicine. This would render the Atomic Age as significant a step in technological progress as the first smelting of Bronze, of Iron, or the commencement of the Industrial Revolution.
This included even cars, leading Ford to display the Ford Nucleon concept car to the public in 1958.

The Atomic Age in the 1960s
In the 1960s, the term became less common, but the concept remained. In the Thunderbirds TV series, a set of vehicles was presented that were imagined to be completely nuclear.
Many experts predicted that thanks to the giant nuclear power stations of the near future electricity would soon become much cheaper and that electricity meters would be removed, because power would be "too cheap to meter."
The term was initially used in a positive, futuristic sense, but by the 1960s the threats posed by nuclear weapons had begun to edge out nuclear power as the dominant motif of the atom.

The Atomic Age from 1970 to 2000
By the late 1970s, nuclear power was faced with economic difficulties and widespread public unease, coming to a head in the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, and the Chernobyl reactor explosion in 1986, both of which effectively killed the nuclear power industry for decades thereafter.

The Atomic Age after 2000
Presently the label of the Atomic Age now connotes either a sense of nostalgia or naïveté, and is considered by many to have ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, though the term continues to be used by some historians to describe the era following the conclusion of the Second World War. The term is used by some science fiction fans to describe not only the era

8

Tinkering With DNA

9

Making Lives Better

Modern computing can probably be traced back to the 'Harvard Mk I' and Colossus. Colossus was an electronic computer built in Britain at the end 1943 and designed to crack the German coding system - Lorenz cipher. The 'Harvard Mk I' was a more general purpose electro-mechanical programmable computer built at Harvard University with backing from IBM. These computers were among the first of the 'first generation' computers.

First generation computers were normally based around wired circuits containing vacuum valves and used punched cards as the main storage medium. Another general purpose computer of this era was 'ENIAC‘ which was completed in 1946. It was typical of first generation computers, it weighed 30 tons contained 18,000 electronic valves and consumed around 25KW of electrical power. It was, however, capable of an amazing 100,000 calculations a second.

The next major step in the history of computing was the invention of the transistor in 1947. This replaced the inefficient valves with a much smaller and more reliable component. Transistorized computers are normally referred to as 'Second Generation' and dominated the late 1950s and early 1960s. Despite using transistors and printed circuits these computers were still bulky and strictly the domain of Universities and governments.

The explosion in the use of computers began with 'Third Generation' computers. These relied Jack St. Claire Kilby's invention the integrated circuit or microchip; the first integrated circuit was produced in September 1958 but computers using them didn't begin to appear until 1963. While large 'mainframes' such as the I.B.M. 360 increased storage and processing capabilities further, the integrated circuit allowed the development of Minicomputers that began to bring computing into many smaller businesses. Large scale integration of circuits led to the development of very small processing units, an early example of this is the processor used for analyzing flight data in the US Navy's F14A `TomCat' fighter jet. This processor was developed by Steve Geller, Ray Holt and a team from AiResearch and American Microsystems.

On November 15th, 1971, Intel released the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004. Fourth generation computers were developed, using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer's processing abilities on a single chip. Coupled with one of Intel's inventions - the RAM chip the microprocessor allowed fourth generation computers to be even smaller and faster than ever before. The 4004 was only capable of 60,000 instructions per second, but later processors brought ever increasing speed and power to the computers. Supercomputers of the era were immensely powerful, like the Cray-1 which could calculate 150 million floating point operations per second. The microprocessor allowed the development of microcomputers, personal computers that were small and cheap enough to be available to ordinary people. The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I & II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981.

Although processing power and storage capacities have increased beyond all recognition since the 1970s the underlying technology of LSI or VLSI microchips has remained basically the same, so it is widely regarded that most of today's computers still belong to the fourth generation.

Many people wanted to put their ideas into the standards for communication between the computers that made up this network, so a system was devised for putting forward ideas. Basically you wrote your ideas in a paper called a 'Request for Comments, and let everyone else read it. People commented on and improved your ideas in new RFCs. The first RFC was written on April 7th, 1969. There are now well over 2000 RFCs, describing every aspect of how the internet functions.

10

Looking to the Future

The End

Thank you for watching this presentation.
I hope you enjoyed this presentation.