The New South reconstruction and the racial nadir HI 112-02, Spring 2011 Tona Hangen Worcester State University

US in 1860 = 31.5 million US in 1900 = 76 million

Mean Center of Population for the United States: 1790 -2000

Tasks & Challenges of Reconstruction Reunite the nation, reintegrate seceded states Establish new governments in each state Land tenure/ land reform Rights of freedpeople Physically mend a ruined landscape What to do about former Confederates?

Reconstruction Timeline End of Civil War 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction Johnson’s Impeachment Trial Compromise of 1877

13th Amendment to the US Constitution Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (Approved February 1, 1865)

14th Amendment to the US Constitution Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States… are citizens of the United States… No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. (Approved July 1868)

15th Amendment to the US Constitution Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied nor abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (Approved February 1870)

Radical Reconstruction

End of Reconstruction: Date of reclaimed Democratic control of state legislatures (“Bourbon” or “Redeemer” governments) 1873 1873 1876 1876 1870 1871 1876 1874 1875 1874 1876

The Compromise of 1877 Election of

“Exodusters” 1870s

Reconstruction: 5 Things Top 5 13A & 15A, Black emancipation & voting (11) Freedman’s Bureau/ black education (8) KKK/ Southern resentment & violence (7) Lincoln’s 10% plan/ different plans (7) Passage of the 14th Amendment (7) Multiple Votes Johnson’s impeachment/ Tenure of Office Act (5) Civil Rights Act of 1875 (4) Pardon for southerners/ Amnesty Act (3) Failure of Reconstruction (3) Compromise of 1877 (2) Black Codes (2)

The New South “In the South, despite a strong push to industrialize, the continuing dominance of white supremacy undercut economic growth, encouraging the scourge of sharecropping and farm tenancy and spawning a system of racial violence and caste to replace slavery.” --EH, 472

The “New South” …a strong push to industrialize… Henry Grady, Atlanta Constitution editor & “apostle” of the New South Gospel

The New South Photographs by Lewis Hine …a strong push to industrialize…

…the scourge of sharecropping and farm tenancy… Dorothea Lange. “Negro sharecropper’s house” Person Co. NC (1939)

...the tobacco industry thrived in the New South…

Per capita distribution of wealth, 1870 …undercut economic growth…

…the continuing dominance of white supremacy… …a system of racial violence and caste to replace slavery…

Homer Plessy Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896