Our observations of Trafalgar Square described a highly underused space with very low pedestrian movement levels inside the Sqaure.

An objective spatial model of the area was produced that accurately reflected the isolated nature of the old Sqaure design with the key pedestrian routes identified at the edges of the Square rather than passing through its landscaped heart. The image on the left describes the spatial structure of Trafalgar Square before the redesign, showing how isolated the core of the Square was by passing pedestrians workers and tourists. The image on the right shows how the pedestrianisation of the northern side of the Square and the provision of a central staircase would open up the whole of the area up to ‘through movement’, enlivening the public space and shortening pedestrian journeys.

The dramatic results of design change can be seen in the pedestrian movement observations undertaken after the redesign was completed. The pattern of behaviour has changed in line with the forecast of the spatial model with a much stronger flow of pedestrian movement into and through the heart of the Square.

Trace observations that were also undertaken after the redesign also show higher numbers of stationary workers and tourists enjoying the whole of the Square and traversing the area by going through the site rather than around it.

Performance planning Urban measurement, analysis & forecasting Harvard University Graduate School of Design 28th February 2011 Tim Stonor

Comprehensive & coordinated policy agenda Delivery of sustainable communities: “The Big Society” Sophistication of technology/media Enhanced geospatial information & agile knowledge outlets Power of information NIMBY suspicion & opposition Time delay & cost Systemic silo-ism & entrenched doctrine In professional practice & academia Crisis Problem context

Descriptions/representations Revealing the characteristics of place Providing evidence Comparative evaluation How will it work? Is there a better way? Improved models of care Professionals Academics Stakeholders “City scans”

Urban infrastructure scans Diagnosis Urban space-form Examination Descriptions of the built environment Exploration Urban functioning Recording human activity & its socio-economic outcomes Form/function inter-relationships Urban design processes Prognosis User-friendly tools Therapy Intervention Multi-scale applications Support Urban care process “City scan” typologies

Examination & diagnosis Urban space-form City scan typologies

Urban space-form Land use scan Tower Hamlets Retail Residential Medical Storage Catering Offices Education Leisure Under construction Industry Parking Community Services Hotels Vacant Government Agriculture Transport Empty or abandoned site Land use Green Spaces

. Urban space-form Land use scan Comparatives . Old town Ashford New town Skelmersdale

Urban space-form Frontage character scan Tower Hamlets Blank wall High opaque fence High see through fence Low fence Semi-transparent wall Transparent wall Very low fence Frontages

Urban space-form Frontage character scan Bloomsbury Old town Barnsbury New town Caledonian Road Active 80% Inactive 20% Active 13% Inactive 87%

Urban space-form Building entrances scan Tower Hamlets Controlled # # # # Uncontrolled # # Normal Unused Normal Fire Exit Service Unused Entrances

Urban space-form Pedestrian infrastructure Tower Hamlets

Urban space-form Photographic scan Tower Hamlets 1 2 3 4 5 6

Urban space-form Urban block size scan Tower Hamlets Large Small

. Urban space-form Urban block size scan Comparatives Large Small Old town Ealing New town Skelmersdale

Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan London

Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan Beijing

Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan Tokyo s

Historic Core Madinah Road Makkah Road Trading port Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan Tokyo

O Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan South East

Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan

Old town Ashford Mixed use Integrated movement Accessible centres Zoned land uses Separated movement Inaccessible centres Urban space-form Spatial accessibility scan Comparatives New town Skelmersdale High Low Spatial Accessibility

Examination & diagnosis Urban functioning City scan typologies

Urban functioning Pedestrian flow scan Tower Hamlets People per hour 450 to 900 250 to 450 150 to 250 100 to 150 50 to 100 0 to 50

Urban functioning Pedestrian database London central Oxford Street Covent Garden Baker Street Soho Mayfair Street comparison 8–10 10-12 12- 2 2-4 4-6 6-8 Oxford Street Soho London subarea comparison Baker Street Pedestrian movement Pedestrian movement

Urban functioning Walking rate analysis Comparatives 24 People/1,000 residents 36 People/1,000 residents Old town Colchester New town Harlow

Urban functioning Vehicle flow scan Bloomsbury

Urban functioning Pedestrian crossing scan Tower Hamlets People per hour 1,400 700 140 Traffic light red phase (pph) Traffic light green phase (pph)

Urban functioning Informal crossing scan Tower Hamlets Straight crossing Staggered crossing Traces

Examination & diagnosis Form/function inter-relationships City scan typologies

Structure/function correlations Space/movement diagnostic

As cities evolve, land uses exploit spatial accessibility. Movement-sensitive land uses locate on movement-rich streets. Less movement-sensitive uses locate around the corner. In this way, historic cities organise themselves, mixing land uses in a natural way that people understand intuitively. Summary Structure/function correlations Space/land use diagnostic

Area 5 Area 6 Area 3 Area 2 Perth, Gosnells Property crime analysis Structure/function correlations Space/crime diagnosis

Key layout indicators Building centred density Plot exposure Dwelling type Dwellings per street segment Structure/function correlations Value of property security This project is supported by the UCL-led UrbanBuzz Programme, within which UEL is a prime partner

Dwellings per street segment Dwellings per street segment Risk Structure/function correlations Value of property security 20 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 78 This project is supported by the UCL-led UrbanBuzz Programme, within which UEL is a prime partner

Diagnostic analysis Burglary valuation A B –£1,590,000 +£691,000

Diagnostic analysis Personal attack valuation B A +£14,500 pa +£3,200 pa

Urban valuation tool Value of property security Indicators Dwelling type Plot exposure Dwellings per street segment Building centred density Risk factors Cost ±% ±£ ! Risk intangible ? tangible This project is supported by the UCL-led UrbanBuzz Programme, within which UEL is a prime partner

Therapy & intervention Urban care process City scan typologies

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Pedestrian flow 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Spatial accessibility R^2 = .89 p = 0.0047 Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge London Bridge Southwark Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Urban care process Space/movement forecast

Millennium Bridge, London

Trafalgar Square, London

Trafalgar Square, London

Trafalgar Square, London In 1996, most of the space was empty for most of the time.

Trafalgar Square In 1996, there were pockets of activity on the south-east side of the square.

Trafalgar Square Tourists cross dangerous roads

We followed people and found that most walked around the edges. Trafalgar Square

Trafalgar Square Views from the heart of the space are limited.

Elephant & Castle Southern Crossing Views from the south side are extensive, providing valuable information.

© Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence number: LA100032379 2000 Designing for movement Trafalgar Square

Trafalgar Square We constructed a Pedestrian Movement Model, based on spatial accessibility.

© Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence number: LA100032379 To Leicester Square & Covent Garden To the South Bank To Buckingham Palace & St James Park To Leicester Square, Piccadilly & St James Design issue Movement was pushed around the edges of the Square by the physical design of the space such as indirect staircase links. Design strategy The design strategy, developed with Norman Foster, was to bring movement through the heart of the Square via a new, central staircase. Designing for movement Trafalgar Square

Trafalgar Square before redesign Trafalgar Square after redesign Designing for movement Trafalgar Square

Trafalgar Square Pedestrian Movement Forecast Model

Trafalgar Square The new central staircase

Trafalgar Square First day of opening

Trafalgar Square The new Central Staircase

Shoreditch The new approach to street design Spot the guardrail!

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT ALL 12:00 to 14:00 – WEEKDAY DAY 1 - 2003 Designing for movement Trafalgar Square

Pedestrians - Movement Pedestrians - Stationary Designing for movement Trafalgar Square

Nottingham, England Old Market Square

Trafalgar Square Aldwych Shoreditch The new approach to street design X crossings

Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah Central

Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah Central

Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah City Plan Existing Old plan New plan

Route hierarchy according to accessibility Development guidelines Density and building height generation هيئة الطرق حسب وصوليتها ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني

Building height guideline model Development guidelines Density and building height generation ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني نموذج ارشادي لطول المبنى

توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني نموذج ارشادي لكثافة وأطوال المباني واستغلال الأراضي Urban care process Parametric design Jeddah Central

Historic core Parking/Mixed use 25-50% Non-Residential 0-25% Non-Residential 75-100% Non-Residential Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah Reurbanisation We can use our knowledge, including the local knowledge we acquired during the analysis phase, of the interdependence of land uses and space structure to assign land uses to the new network. Much of this will happen, of course, after the initial changes are made to the network though the city creating process..

Party walls Privacy/shading screens Continuous facades Shading structures/ privacy screen Shared surface/ Pedestrian priority Building height ranges Vertical land use distribution Accessible roof space Plot coverage ranges On street parking Infrastructure routed below parking areas Active frontages Ground floor setback for shade Overlooking uses Floor to floor heights Plot widths Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah Planning Code

Urban care process Analytic design Jeddah Planning Code

Development Specifications Development guidelines Density and building height generation مواصفات التنمية ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني

Urban infrastructure databases Examination Diagnosis Prognosis Urban design processes Therapy Intervention Support Stages of care The urban care process

A singular expertise A common language Architecture Town planning Urban economics Criminology Masterplanning Transport planning Property agency PR & branding City scans Space/form Function Design

Working across scales Buildings Public Spaces Masterplans Area Action Plans Urban Development Frameworks Regional Strategies Macro Meso Micro

Tim Stonor architect & town planner Managing Director, Space Syntax Limited Lincoln Loeb Fellow, Harvard University Twitter @Tim_Stonor Blog www.timstonor.com LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/in/timstonor t.stonor@spacesyntax.com www.spacesyntax.com Contact details