The cover of Led Zeppelin’s untitled fourth album, often called Zoso. This album contains one of Led Zeppelin’s most recognizable songs, “Stairway to Heaven.” This song, the album, and the group that produced them represent one answer to the early 1970s central musical and stylistic question: How would musicians after psychedelia incorporate, extend, or reject “the hippie aesthetic” (the focus on musicians’ virtuosic playing usually involving guitars, complex experimental arrangements, and lyrics focused on “deep” topics like spiritual enlightenment)? As exemplified by Zoso and “Stairway to Heaven,” Led Zeppelin chose to combine the “hippie aesthetic” with elements of electric and acoustic blues, as well as folk music. Photo Credit: Atlantic/Warner Brothers

Led Zeppelin’s Robert Plant (vocals) and Jimmy Page (guitar) in performance. Led Zeppelin’s music combined complex arrangements with guitar mastery. Page’s playing displayed strong blues and folk roots. Though the band was known for their harder, electrified music, they often used acoustic instruments and produced quieter, simpler songs. Photo Credit: Jay Dickman/Corbis

Deep Purple in concert, 1973. Deep Purple was innovative in mixing its bluesbased rock with classical music. Like Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple focused much of their music on instrumental solos, often displaying strong blues and classical influences. Ian Paice (drums), Roger Glover (bass), and Ritchie Blackmore (guitar) are shown here. Not pictured are Jon Lord (keyboards) and Ian Gillan (vocals). Photo Credit: Jorgen Angel/Redferns

Brothers Gregg (organ) and Duane (guitar) Allman shown together onstage. Duane was a gifted studio musician before devoting his full energies to the Allman Brothers Band. He played on many important recordings for Jerry Wexler and others in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Gregg’s bluesy lead vocals and understated organ playing were central to the band’s sound, which blended rock virtuosity with a rhythm and blues sensibility to create southern rock. Photo Credit: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

Led by virtuoso guitarist Carlos Santana (pictured here), Santana took influences from psychedelia (their performance at Woodstock is legendary) and combined them with Latin rhythms and percussion. This unique sound didn’t keep the spotlight from shining on Carlos Santana, whose improvisations put him in the same league as Allman, Hendrix, Clapton, Page, and other guitar greats. Photo Credit: Richard Upper

Led Zeppelin performing in San Francisco, 1973. Zeppelin’s concerts were lengthy affairs, which gave them time to display their improvisational creativity. During the song, “Dazed and Confused” Jimmy Page would play his solo using a violin bow, as seen here. Photo Credit: Photo by Larry Hulst/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

The Who continued their success throughout the 1970s, with their music growing increasingly complex and conceptual. Guitarist and songwriter Pete Townshend used elements of classical music and opera to create concept albums like Tommy (1969), Who’s Next (1971), and Quadrophenia (1973). Here Townshend demonstrates his signature “windmill” guitar strum. Photo Credit: Bettman/Corbis Michael Ochs

Led by flamboyant lead singer and flautist, Ian Anderson (shown here), Jethro Tull emerged as one of the top progressive rock bands of the first half of the 1970s. The group had formed in the late 1960s as a blues outfit, and those blues influences can still be heard in their later music, especially in the long instrumental solos on such albums as Thick as a Brick (1972) and A Passion Play (1973). Photo Credit: Jorgen Angel/Redferns

Keyboardist for Yes, Rick Wakeman, in concert. Yes’s music was known for the strong playing of Wakeman (notice the many stacked keyboards here), guitarist Steve Howe, drummer Bill Bruford, and bassist Chris Squire. The band’s progressive themes centered around issues of spirituality, especially those picked up from Eastern religion. These were placed in music that used complex formal structures, often taken from classical music. Photo Credit: Fin Costello/Redferns

Miles Davis (pictured here) was the most influential artist of the jazz-rock style. Though Davis was a key player in jazz from the late ’40s through the ’60s, in the late ’60s and early ’70s his influences included Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, and Sly and the Family Stone. Davis’s album Bitches Brew (1970) influenced many in jazz-rock fusion and included many artists who would go on to form important fusion groups, including Chick Corea (pictured in the background on keyboards) of Return to Forever, John McLaughlin of the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and Joseph Zawinul and Wayne Shorter of Weather Report. Photo Credit: David Redferns/Redferns

Featuring Walter Becker (bass/guitar, second from left) and Donald Fagen (vocals/piano, right), Steely Dan used jazz elements and virtuoso studio musicians to create a winning jazz-rock sound. Every one of their seven albums in the 1970s charted in the Billboard Top 40. Though they did perform concerts, Steely Dan focused their attention on the studio, where they wrote carefully organized arrangements, punctuating them with improvised solo sections. Photo Credit: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

Along with Chicago, Blood, Sweat, & Tears employed a horn section to further develop the blending of rock and jazz. The group was formed by Al Kooper in the late 1960s, though Kooper soon left the band and was replaced by singer David Clayton-Thomas, who sang hits like “Spinning Wheel” and “You’ve Made Me So Very Happy.” The band is shown performing here in the early 1970s. Photo Credit: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

Alice Cooper performances shocked many audiences during the 1970s, as the band developed a reputation for being dangerous, dark, and irreverent. Here the original band is shown preparing Alice (kneeling at center) for a beheading, one of the many ways the group found to execute Alice at the end of every show. Other methods included hanging and a seat in the electric chair. Photo Credit: Lynn Goldsmith/Corbis

David Bowie performing as his alter ego, Ziggy Stardust. Like Alice Cooper and Peter Gabriel, Bowie pushed the boundaries of sexual and gender identity, though in a campier, fashionconscious way. Ziggy Stardust emerged on the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972), and Bowie continued to reinvent the character throughout the decade. Photo Credit: Lynn Goldsmith/Corbis

In the 1970s, singersongwriters continued their popularity and their focus on social issues. This poster advertises a concert to benefit the liberal Democrat George McGovern’s 1972 campaign for president. Carole King (a longtime behind-the-scenes songwriter— see Chapter 3) started a solo career, and with her album Tapestry became one of the most influential women songwriters of the decade. Photo Credit: : David J.& Janice L.Frent Collection/ Corbis

Elton John, pictured here in a 1975 concert, was the most successful singersongwriter of the early 1970s. John blended folk and rhythm and blues influences (he performed on the black dance show Soul Train) with some of David Bowie’s glam-rock sensibility. John’s worldwide popularity continues to this day. Photo Credit: Bettman/Corbis

With her music ranging from folk to avant-garde rock to jazz, Joni Mitchell (pictured here in a 1976 concert) is probably the most musically eclectic and experimental singer-songwriter of the decade. She combined her own strong songwriting skills with very talented backup bands—a combination that resulted in many winning albums. Photo Credit: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

The Eagles, live at Wembley Stadium, London, July 1975: (left to right) Timothy B. Schmidt (bass), Glenn Frey (electric guitar), Don Henley (drums), Joe Walsh (banjo), and Don Felder (acoustic guitar). The Eagles were the leaders in the California country-rock scene. They placed eight singles in the U.S. Top 40 by 1975. Like the Beach Boys, the Beatles, and the Byrds, the Eagles employed strong, harmonically rich singing and retained nearly total control over their music production. Photo Credit: Henry Diltz/Corbis

The Growing Rock Monster chapter 8

The Hippie Aesthetic Album and singles became nearly separate markets Stylistic range of rock expanded Rock musician was an artist who had a responsibility to create sophisticated music

Blues-Based British Rock Extension of Britain’s earlier interest in American blues Rolling Stones Yardbirds Cream

Blues-Based British Rock Led Zeppelin Combination of blues, folk, psychedelia All exemplified in “Stairway to Heaven,” 1972 Lyrics and performance focused on sexual topics http://youtu.be/w9TGj2jrJk8 http://youtu.be/dmKeIlJq4gM

Led Zeppelin

Blues-Based British Rock Deep Purple Bridge between psychedelia and heavy metal Black Sabbath Blues based, with gothic touches The Faces Humble Pie “Whole Lotta Love” Example of British blues rock song that combined blues and other elements

Deep Purple, 1973

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Southern Rock Allman Brothers Band Based in Macon, Georgia Live at the Fillmore East, 1971 Blues influences, extended soloing Lynyrd Skynyrd Based in Atlanta “Sweet Home Alabama,” 1974 Several members killed in 1977 plane crash

Gregg and Duane Allman

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Southern Rock Marshall Tucker Band Signed to same label as Allman Brothers (Capricorn) Charlie Daniels Band “The Devil Went Down to Georgia,” 1979 http://youtu.be/XPfX7gyvFxU

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Southern Rock Southern-influenced groups Santana “Evil Ways,” 1970 San Francisco psychedelic scene ZZ Top Texas “Tush,” 1975

Carlos Santana

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Non-southern American rock influenced by the blues and rhythm and blues Los Angeles Steppenwolf “Born to be Wild,” 1968 Three Dog Night “Mama Told Me (Not to Come),” 1970 Grand Funk Railroad Flint, Michigan Deeply rooted in 1960s soul

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Non-southern American rock influenced by the blues and rhythm and blues Edgar Winter Group “Frankenstein,” 1973 Doobie Brothers Based in San Francisco Early music in blues-rock mold

American Blues Rock and Southern Rock Non-southern American rock influenced by the blues and rhythm and blues Aerosmith “Walk This Way,” 1976 Later released as important rock-rap crossover song J. Geils Band Blues harmonica-based

Led Zeppelin, 1973

Progressive Rock Important center existed in Britain Developed obsession with concept albums Lavished attention on album covers Avoided lyrics dealing with romance or sex, addressed philosophical issues instead Promoted extension of idea that music should provide a trip

Progressive Rock Self-conscious use of classical music Moody Blues Procol Harum

Progressive Rock The Who Tommy, 1969 Story about deaf, dumb, blind expert at pinball Who’s Next, 1971 Based on a project called Lifehouse Quadrophenia, 1974 Based on mod movement of mid-1960s http://youtu.be/ygOaNo3M_Hw

Pete Townshend

Progressive Rock King Crimson Blended the harder, most dissonant aspects of twentieth-century music and softer, more consonant elements of nineteenth-century music into a rock context http://youtu.be/iOXqkC12Ix8

Progressive Rock Emerson, Lake & Palmer Centered on multikeyboardist Keith Emerson Often reworked actual classical music Pictures at an Exhibition, 1971

Progressive Rock Jethro Tull Focused on issues of religion and spirituality Aqualung, 1971 Later albums did not separate tracks, creating lengthy suites http://youtu.be/QqZmtq5LhFo

Ian Anderson

Progressive Rock Yes Concerned with ideas of spirituality inspired by the hippie mélange of Eastern religious ideas Close to the Edge, 1972 Based, in part, on Hesse’s Siddhartha “Roundabout” Exemplifies the band’s classical music influences http://youtu.be/Xql99I1VSdI

Rick Wakeman

Progressive Rock Genesis Early group featuring Peter Gabriel (vocals) and Phil Collins (drums) Focused on lengthy, carefully worked-out arrangements and bizarre tales The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, 1974 http://youtu.be/RdD6L4cKKU8

Progressive Rock Pink Floyd Led by bassist Roger Waters after the departure of Barrett Often focused on madness, insanity, isolation Dark Side of the Moon, 1973 Elaborate stage effects http://youtu.be/EGD8RxEUQxI

Jazz Influences Technical mastery was necessary (like classical) Required advanced improvisatory skills Pop and rock studio musicians were often from a jazz background

Jazz Influences Jazz-rock fusion Miles Davis Bitches Brew, 1970 Mahavishnu Orchestra Herbie Hancock Headhunters, 1974 http://youtu.be/YLUJZUKJ1BM http://youtu.be/MtSIEkPqVgk

Miles Davis

Jazz Influences Frank Zappa Penchant for cynical satire that at times pressed the bounds of good taste Cartoonish vocals Composed art music http://youtu.be/VX8415wWqU4

Jazz Influences Traffic British, psychedelic background Steely Dan After 1972 used primarily studio musicians Crisp arrangements that highlight professional solos

Steely Dan

Jazz Influences Horn-based groups Blood, Sweat &Tears Horns prominent through instrumental showcases (solo and ensemble) influenced by big-band tradition “Spinning Wheel,” 1969 Chicago Blended Beatles-influenced pop and sophisticated horn-based arrangements

Blood, Sweat, & Tears

Glam Rock Dressing up Shows staged in arenas Focus was on theatrical elements of rock performance Musicians acted out the role of a fictional character on stage Makeup and costumes were often used

Glam Rock Alice Cooper Gruesome stage show, with Cooper’s death often staged at the end “I’m Eighteen,” 1971 http://youtu.be/OUugQoxS8_o

Alice Cooper

Glam Rock Kiss Cartoonish approach to rock theater Bombastic live stage show with lights, flames, explosions, and costumes that hid the identity of the band members “Rock and Roll All Nite,” 1975 Feature film and action figures show marketing exploitation http://youtu.be/Env5iMrBjws

Glam Rock David Bowie Only British glam star to be successful in the United States Alter ego was Ziggy Stardust Pushed the boundaries of sexual and gender identities Changed characters with each album http://youtu.be/9a-8Zs5yXI4

David Bowie as Ziggy Stardust

Singer-Songwriters Sincerity and personal expression valued James Taylor “Fire and Rain,” 1970 Carole King Tapestry, 1970 Paul Simon “Still Crazy After All These Years,” 1975

Campaign concert poster

Singer-Songwriters Other American singer-songwriters Carly Simon Harry Chapin Don McLean Jim Croce

Singer-Songwriters British singer-songwriters Van Morrison Cat Stevens Elton John Canadian singer-songwriters Joni Mitchell Neil Young Gordon Lightfoot

Elton John, 1975 http://youtu.be/Y2Ta0qCG8No

Joni Mitchell

Country Rock Reaction against growing excesses of psychedelic rock Apparent simplicity seemed honest and authentic Byrds (with Gram Parsons) Sweetheart of the Rodeo, 1968 Crosby, Stills, and Nash “Suite: Judy Blues Eyes,” 1969

Country Rock The Band “The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down,” 1970 Creedence Clearwater Revival From San Francisco, but not emblematic of psychedelia “Proud Mary,” 1969 The Eagles “Take It Easy,” 1972

The Eagles, London, 1975