We constructed a spatial model of the city to understand its accessibility patterns and to test strategic design ideas.

Movement is the lifeblood of cities – the spatial model provides a powerful tool to understand and, as I will show you, manage the movement of the city.   We have also discovered that the pattern of land value in London corresponds with the pattern of spatial accessibility, as well as the pattern of certain crimes such as house burglary and street attacks. These correlations are written up in the extensive academic literature that underpins these models and gives our urban planning practice an essential research foundation.

This pattern can be seen in London, here the West End is shown according to a hierarchy of pedestrian access from red as the most accessible through to blue for least accessible.

…you can see that the spatial structure of the West End has a strong influence on the distribution of retail land uses shown in red.

This relationship persists around the world. These are land use (left) and spatial accessibility (right) images of an area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. You can clearly see a strong relationship between the through movement spatial structure commercial land uses shown in red and orange.

Major growth forecast, but not dissimilar from what has happened in previous 75ish years

Much of this growth accommodated in planned areas Lots of problems with planned areas Called planned areas but only really means that grid was drawn before – lots of these areas have no access to water of sewers Growth takes form of patchwork of individual, inward looking, segregated sub divisions developed by subdividing and selling land Big parts of spatial structure missing – has local inward looking local structure and city scale motorways but missing at intermediate scale No connections across motorways, no relationship between different areas

What does this growth mean for unplanned settlements? Roughly 4 categories of settlement One is organic historic core which has become increasingly isolated by growth – motorways cut through fabric breaking connections, not really any relationship between streets within settlement and wider area

Also have urban villages Existed outside city centre before recent growth Subsumed within extension of city Same problem as with city centre – no connection between what happening inside settlement and new growth

Illegally occupied land/squatter settlement Sub divided land ready to be sold for further sub division Security guard bribed over night and grew rapidly

Peripheral urban growth at edges of city close to motorways junctions which allow access to centre

Wide range of conditions – some poor quality buildings, no utilities, or public realm…

Some just bad qaulity buildings but have urban characteristics of local centre – commercial activity/markets

Almost all of them include very narrow spaces which prevents access to maintenance vehicles and leads to build up of refuse and poor hygiene Fire in dhaka in june – 100-150 people killed because fire engines couldn’t get to fire Recent events in favellas in rio – takes to extreme but example of how isolated spaces provide conditions for certain activities to flourish, highly attractive to illegal occupations like drugs and in effect police/army have to take over.

Others are very low density but equally developed and provide quite nice environment

Some are very developed, quite dense and appear as run down areas of city

At this scale settlements quite segregated and can be seen by fact that cant support things beyond their own scale.

At scale of 10 minute walk (800m) settlements picked out very clearly Can see local centres/high streets Most important point though is that these areas are completely isolated from each other and wider city – could work as well outside city as inside – probably better Isolation started process of degeneration – lack of movement meant more difficult to support businesses, less money generated in settlement and therefore less to invest in maintenance – physical quality gets worse. As physical condition worsens, original set of residents begins to move elsewhere but hold on to property Becomes populated by people with little choice of where to live and often without work or education – relatively expensive and therefore leads to overcrowding Because not part of wider route structure, it takes one generation to forget what they know about these areas, people rarely pass through and social segregation develops Unfamiliarity leads to perception of crime and stigma

To start to address these problems need to work at two scales – one is the scale of the city to understand how settlements compare to each other and whether any potentials arise through their differences, The second is how to address the problems on the scale of the settlement itself. To do both started to develop profiles for each settlement

With results of analysis built up understanding of each settlement. By identifying target situations from local standards/best practice could identify a unique strategy for each area based on the needs of each settlement. Strategy for each element classified into three levels of intervention Refurbish (max) – maintain (min)

Although Saudi Arabia very rich country, part of the wider context of the project is that they don’t have unlimited money to spend on these projects. Using this information settlements grouped in to categories based on need and potential to attract private sector investment, potential for self improvement and areas which municipality has to spend on Once settlements categorised area action plans and development frameworks prepared so that whatever route is followed spatial design addresses existing problems Also allows longer term implementation strategy to develop based on working on settlements from different categories at the same time

Idea of conservative surgery – make small changes within framework of existing structure

General pattern is that some local structure but fragmented, unconsolidated and disconnected from wider scales Use analysis to identify specific areas to improve access across scales – consolidate local scale, connect to intermediate, and allow city wide access

Upgrading urban slums The importance of child-centred planning & design UNICEF, New York 17th June 2011 Tim Stonor Architect & Town Planner | Managing Director t.stonor@spacesyntax.com @Tim_Stonor

UCL Space Syntax Laboratory Fundamental research Teaching Technology development Funded by research councils & private sector Space Syntax Limited Strategic consulting Internship Technology development Funded by private developers & public municipalities Technology People Innovation Introduction The Space Syntax Network

Sao Paulo Space Syntax A scientific approach to urban planning The Space Syntax Network develops urban models to explain the impact of spatial layout efficiency on social, economic & environmental performance.

Research shows that 60-80% of street movement flows are due to the structure of the network, measured by spatial accessibility. More accessible places get more movement Key discovery #1 Spatial layout organises movement

Movement is the lifeblood of the city. Moving in space

In brief same input Key discovery #2 Spatial layout distributes land use

In brief same input Courtesy of The TLRN Central London Pedestrian Study by Atkins 80% retail locates on 20% most spatially accessible streets

Jeddah slum settlement Land use correlates with space

Area 5 Area 6 Area 3 Area 2 Perth, Australia Property crime analysis Key discovery #3 Spatial layout influences crime & safety

Disconnected, mono-functional grids require users to make a greater number of longer journeys, resulting in increased energy consumed through vehicular movement. Disconnected grids increase travel emissions Key discovery #4 Spatial layout affects carbon footprint

Centre vitality £ % Street quality Property value Residential security Personal safety Urban layout Key discovery #5 Spatial layout determines land value

Spatial layout is a key component of urban infrastructure It costs money to provide & maintain. It generates revenues, creates jobs & contributes to the tax base.

Suppressed movement economy. Enhanced movement economy. Main street, mixing global & local movement. Fast highways, separating global & local movement. The cost of poor access Fast highways not “Main Streets”

Case study Jeddah Biggest port on Red Sea. Gateway to the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah - 2.5m pilgrims in 2009. 2010 Population 3.4 million 2030 Population 5.6 million

“Planned” areas 1.5 km

2.7 km Unplanned areas

1.8 km Unplanned areas

1.6 km Unplanned areas

1.0 km Unplanned areas

Unplanned settlements Over 50 unplanned settlements across Jeddah. Settlement populations range from 3,000 to 120,000. Current estimation of 1m unplanned settlement inhabitants in total. Worked with Municipality of Jeddah and public private partnership since 2006 to address Unplanned Settlements.

Current conditions

Current conditions

Current conditions

Current conditions

Current conditions

Spatial analysis City-wide scale Spatial layout analysis at the city-wide scale highlights the fast highway network. Movement on this network divides the city, severing connections between communities and isolating the slums.

Spatial layout analysis at the local scale reveals an entirely different set of streets as being favourable for shorter-distance journeys. Almost all of these occur within slum areas, indicating the “walkability” of these settlements – a valuable urban property. Spatial analysis Local scale

Spatial analysis City wide scale The rigid separation of city-wide scale and local scale movement networks is found in other cities with large slum populations.

Agra Spatial accessibility Spatial analysis Local scale This property is found less in cities that have not been divided by highways, where certain streets are important at both the city-wide and local scales, thus exposing shopkeepers on these streets to passing trade at two scales.

Current conditions Problems Isolated communities. Poor physical quality. Inadequate access to utilities. Under provision of social infrastructure. High proportion of illegal immigrants. High (perceived) levels of crime. Benefits Low cost accommodation. Established family/social networks. Established local economies. Contribution to wider city economy. Less reliance on cars.

How can an intervention be developed to address the fundamental spatial problems at the heart of the unplanned settlement condition. How can this intervention respond to potential changes in economic, social and political conditions? Reversing the cycle of decline

Transformability index Access to public realm components 3 to 4 2 to 3 1 to 2 0 to 1 Number of utilities 3 to 4 2 to 3 1 to 2 0 to 1 Public Realm index Utilities Realm index Settlement profile Analytic indices

Fulfils three roles Provides settlement-specific profile which can be used to categorise areas. Identifies areas to target improvements in each settlement. Provides design tool for later stages of process. Settlement profiling

Attractiveness to developers High Low Ranking formed the basis for the JDURC classification of settlements 1. Settlements attractive to developers 2. Settlements partially attractive to developers 3. Areas with potential for self improvement 4. Settlements in need of immediate partial intervention Settlement classification

Approach Spatial intervention If spatial layout fundamentally influences the socio-economic condition of each unplanned settlement, how can changes be made to spatial structure which improve that condition while minimising disruption to existing residents and stakeholders? If each of these approaches has its own strengths, which are suited to a particular set of economic, social and political conditions, what can be done to combine the benefits of all of them?

Principles of design Upgrading the existing spatial network The spatial layout of the slum is transformed by taking the previously disconnected sets of local, intermediary and global routes (above) and then connecting these to create a network that interfaces movement at all scales (below) – a prerequisite of successful urban trade.

Jeddah Spatial integration of contiguous settlements

Special project development guidelines Primary routes Land use mix Commercial 30% Residential 65% Social Infrastructure 5% FAR 4.5 Plot coverage (ground) 80 – 100% Plot coverage (upper) 50 – 75% Building height 5 – 7 Secondary routes Land use mix Commercial 10% Residential 75% Social Infrastructure 15% FAR 3.0 Plot coverage (ground) 70 – 80% Plot coverage (upper) 50 – 60% Building height 4 - 5 Self organising development guidelines Plot area FAR 60 - 99 sq m 1.0 100 – 299 sq m 3.0 300 – 599 sq m 4.0 600+ sq m 5.0 Jeddah Space-based height/density coding

Private lead Superblock-based redevelopment (Scenario A) Maximum intervention Maximum investment Maximum rehousing Minimum program Private-lead Route-based regeneration (Scenario B) Private lead land Route-based plot assembly (Scenario C) Public-lead Community assisted improvement (Scenario E) Minimum intervention Minimum investment Minimal rehousing Maximum time for transformation Public-lead Route based road widening (Scenario D) Design Scenarios Flexibility

Private lead Superblock-based redevelopment (Scenario A) Maximum intervention Maximum investment Maximum rehousing Minimum program Private-lead Route-based regeneration (Scenario B) Private lead land Route-based plot assembly (Scenario C) Public-lead Community assisted improvement (Scenario E) Minimum intervention Minimum investment Minimal rehousing Maximum time for transformation Public-lead Route based road widening (Scenario D) Scenario A Private sector, super–block based redevelopment Design Scenarios Flexibility

Private lead Superblock-based redevelopment (Scenario A) Maximum intervention Maximum investment Maximum rehousing Minimum program Private-lead Route-based regeneration (Scenario B) Private lead land Route-based plot assembly (Scenario C) Public-lead Community assisted improvement (Scenario E) Minimum intervention Minimum investment Minimal rehousing Maximum time for transformation Public-lead Route based road widening (Scenario D) Scenario D Public lead, route-based road widening and self-organising regeneration Design Scenarios Flexibility

Functional components Cost model Projects need to optimise public investment. To make sure designs offer a viable option for private development cost models were developed.

Design guidelines Public realm character

At all stages of project, consultation carried out with Residents, Local Municipalities, Omdahs, Developers, JDURC and Municipality Stakeholder consultation

Existing Former plan New plan by Space Syntax Manipulating spatial networks Jeddah Spatial Planning Framework

The following set of slides is taken from “Can architecture cause social malaise?”, Chapter 5 of “Space is the Machine” by Professor Bill Hillier. Type “151” in the page box at Scribd.

UK problematic housing Moving adults

UK problematic housing Moving children

Spatial depth from surrounding streets Moving adults UK problematic housing The more you enter the “community”, the fewer adults you see

Moving men Moving women UK problematic housing You see women and men in broadly similar proportions

Moving men UK problematic housing UK successful housing Moving men Moving women Moving women UK housing Similarities in women/men encounter rates

UK problematic housing UK successful housing Moving children Moving children Moving adults Moving adults UK housing Radical differences in children/adult encounter

Architecture Town Planning Economics Criminology Urban Design Transport Planning Governance Social Anthropology Space Movement Interaction Transaction Behaviour The common language of space & behaviour

Many slums are powerful socio-economic environments. They lack basic sanitation, quality shelter, tenure. However they have strong spatial networks that create strong networks of movement, interaction & socio-economic transaction. They appear to provide community stability. But some are not. Each settlement needs to be taken on its own terms. The socio-spatial diagnostic process makes it possible to do this systematically. Concerns should be addressed as much to formal new “slum replacement” housing as for the original slum. Discussion

The planning system - at a national, regional, metropolitan and local level – is a powerful tool for the dissemination of UNICEF guidance. Planning officials can act on the guidance, incorporating it into planning policy that is then used as an instrument to evaluate development proposals. In recent years this has happened with sustainability and health. It can happen similarly for children. Discussion

Tim Stonor Architect & Town Planner | Managing Director, Space Syntax Twitter @Tim_Stonor Blog www.timstonor.com LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/in/timstonor t.stonor@spacesyntax.com www.spacesyntax.com