Here is the spatial accessibility pattern of Beijing which, unlike London or Newcastle, has strong orbital connections.

Movement is the lifeblood of cities – the spatial model provides a powerful tool to understand and, as I will show you, manage the movement of the city.   We have also discovered that the pattern of land value in London corresponds with the pattern of spatial accessibility, as well as the pattern of certain crimes such as house burglary and street attacks. These correlations are written up in the extensive academic literature that underpins these models and gives our urban planning practice an essential research foundation.

This pattern can be seen in London, here the West End is shown according to a hierarchy of pedestrian access from red as the most accessible through to blue for least accessible.

…you can see that the spatial structure of the West End has a strong influence on the distribution of retail land uses shown in red.

This relationship persists around the world. These are land use (left) and spatial accessibility (right) images of an area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. You can clearly see a strong relationship between the through movement spatial structure commercial land uses shown in red and orange.

The spatial layout of the city is the largest object of human creation – it should therefore be planned as an object in its own right.

Measuring spatial accessibility My company, Space Syntax Limited, has developed models that measure the spatial accessibility of individual streets within the overall spatial network. We display the results of the calculation graphically, using colours to represent accessibility values with highly accessible routes in red, then orange and yellow to less accessible routes in green and then blue. Here is the spatial accessibility analysis of London, showing the distinctive radial pattern of highly accessible routes from the centre to the edge. This pattern is created by the geometry of London’s street network. Our computer model analyses each segment of space between street intersections and calculates how accessible that segment is from all other segments.   Although we do not feed actual vehicle movement flows into the model, the remarkable fact is that the spatial accessibility pattern corresponds closely to the actual pattern of vehicle movement in London. Not only this, the pattern of spatial accessibility also corresponds to the historic location of land uses, with land uses that need more movement, such as popular retail, locating on more accessible streets and land uses that require less movement, such as housing, on less accessible streets.

Here is the spatial accessibility pattern of Beijing which, unlike London or Newcastle, has strong orbital connections.

Here is Tokyo, with strong radial connections and strong orbitals. Tokyo is famous for its polycentric structure with several major subcentres. Its spatial accessibility pattern makes Tokyo’s economic and cultural identity possible.

We constructed a spatial model of the city to understand its accessibility patterns and to test strategic design ideas.

An objective spatial model of the area was produced that accurately reflected the isolated nature of the old Sqaure design with the key pedestrian routes identified at the edges of the Square rather than passing through its landscaped heart. The image on the left describes the spatial structure of Trafalgar Square before the redesign, showing how isolated the core of the Square was by passing pedestrians workers and tourists. The image on the right shows how the pedestrianisation of the northern side of the Square and the provision of a central staircase would open up the whole of the area up to ‘through movement’, enlivening the public space and shortening pedestrian journeys.

Spatial layout efficiency Its important influence on the social, economic & environmental performance of cities National Capital Planning Commission Washington DC 15th June 2011 Tim Stonor Architect & Town Planner | Managing Director t.stonor@spacesyntax.com @Tim_Stonor

Urban space So what Space is invisible. So, is it: fluffy stuff, only interesting to urban designers? or: a hard-nosed currency to be handled carefully by investors & asset managers?

The spatial layout of buildings and urban places exerts a powerful influence on human behaviour. The way that places connect is directly related to the way that people move, interact and transact. The fundamental role of space

Organise movement Distribute land use Influence crime & safety Affect urban carbon footprint Determine land value Which is the bottom line for property developers and homebuyers alike. Urban space So what can space do?

UCL Space Syntax Laboratory Fundamental research Teaching Technology development Space Syntax Limited Strategic consulting Internship Technology development Technology People Innovation A process of mutual “exploitation”

. Describing space Graph theory Two different spatial layouts: Two different graphs:

Total depth = Total depth = 10 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 Describing space Measuring depth in graphs 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 16 Depth is a ‘system metric’ and varies from place to place in the spatial layout.

Describing space Representing simultaneous relations Using colours to represent numerical values provides an effective visualisation of simultaneous relations in spatial layouts.

Tate Britian Layout influences wayfinding

Analysing urban space

Spatial network analysis

Spatial hierarchy in the axial network

Urban functioning Pedestrian flow scan Tower Hamlets People per hour 450 to 900 250 to 450 150 to 250 100 to 150 50 to 100 0 to 50

Urban functioning Vehicle flow scan Bloomsbury

Research shows that 60-80% of movement flows are due to the structure of the network, measured by spatial accessibility. More accessible places get more movement Key discovery #1 Spatial layout organises movement

Movement is the lifeblood of the city. Moving in space

In brief same input Key discovery #2 Spatial layout distributes land use

In brief same input Courtesy of The TLRN Central London Pedestrian Study by Atkins 80% retail located on 20% most spatially accessible streets

Key discovery #2 Spatial layout distributes land use

Area 5 Area 6 Area 3 Area 2 Perth, Australia Property crime analysis Form-function inter-relationships Key discovery #3 Spatial layout influences crime & safety

Disconnected, mono-functional grids require users to make a greater number of longer journeys, resulting in increased energy consumed through vehicular movement. Disconnected grids increase travel emissions Key discovery #4 Spatial layout affects carbon footprint

Centre vitality £ % Street quality Property value Residential security Personal safety Urban layout Key discovery #5 Spatial layout determines land value

Spatial layout as infrastructure It costs money to provide. It has a functional impact.

Suppressed movement economy. Enhanced movement economy. Main street, mixing global & local movement. Fast highways, separating global & local movement. The cost of access Fast highways not “Main Streets”

Public spaces Bridges Urban gridblocks Areas/Quarters Cities & City regions. Transforming space Scales of intervention

Each place has a unique spatial signature.

London

Beijing

Tokyo

Sao Paulo Sao Paulo

Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

Trafalgar Square, London

Trafalgar Square, London Low levels of space use

Trafalgar Square, London Pedestrian survey

Trafalgar Square, London Spatial accessibility model

© Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence number: LA100032379 To Leicester Square & Covent Garden To the South Bank To Buckingham Palace & St James Park To Leicester Square, Piccadilly & St James Design issue Movement was pushed around the edges of the Square by the physical design of the space such as indirect staircase links. Design strategy The design strategy, developed with Foster + Partners, was to bring movement through the heart of the Square via a new, central staircase. Trafalgar Square, London Urban design concept

Before After Trafalgar Square, London Spatial accessibility analysis

Trafalgar Square, London Artist’s impression

First day of opening Trafalgar Square, London

Trafalgar Square, London New central staircase

Observe Explain Forecast Deliver Trafalgar Square, London Spatial design process

80% say “Yes”

Millennium Bridge, London Manipulating spatial networks

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Pedestrian flow 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Spatial accessibility R^2 = .89 p = 0.0047 Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge London Bridge Southwark Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Urban care process Space/movement forecast Manipulating spatial networks

Elephant & Castle Southern Crossing

Elephant & Castle Area layout framework

Elephant & Castle Defragmenting & Reconnecting

Elephant & Castle Proof of concept – linkage modelling

Elephant & Castle A new ‘High Street’ centre Courtesy of Foster and Partners 2004

Elephant & Castle Civic Square

Elephant & Castle Pedestrian flow forecasting

التحديات معاناة المشاة Jeddah Strategic weaknesses

مشروع المركز المدني لجدة تحليل الموقع مكونات الخطة الرئيسية Jeddah Connecting & reconnecting

Jeddah Spatial Planning Framework Existing Former local plan New Jeddah Plan

Jeddah Planning Code Primary boulevards

Spatial layout efficiency Age of settlement >1 >1,000 >100 High Medium Low Public space & cycling Public housing failure London Underground Industrial overcrowding

Spatial layout efficiency Age of settlement >1 >1,000 >100 High Medium Low

Tim Stonor Architect & Town Planner | Managing Director, Space Syntax Twitter @Tim_Stonor Blog www.timstonor.com LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/in/timstonor t.stonor@spacesyntax.com www.spacesyntax.com