4. A classification system is known as a taxonomy A) dichotomy B) taxonomy C) hierarchy D) phylum E) none of the above   Ans: B Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Moderate

1. A large-scale map shows: A) a small area B) a large area C) there is no relationship between the scale on a map and the size of the area shown D) an unbalanced area E) the entire world   Ans: A Section Ref: Realms and Regions on the Map Difficulty: Easy       2. The ratio of distance on a map to actual ground distance is known as: A) the map legend B) the map scale C) the map revolution D) the cartographic rule E) a functional region   Ans: B Section Ref: Realms and Regions on the Map Difficulty: Moderate       3. Which of the following statements concerning map scale is false? A) The fractional scale 1:1,000,000 means one inch on the map represents one million inches on the ground. B) If the linear scale of a map is twice another, its aerial representation is four times larger. C) To represent a large area on a small map, a small scale is used. D) Larger-scale maps allow for greater detail in depicting regions and subregions. E) A map with the fractional scale 1:103,000,000 has a larger scale than one of 1:1,000,000.   Ans: E Section Ref: Realms and Regions on the Map Difficulty: Hard

6. In regional geography, relative location: A) is more meaningful and practical than absolute location B) refers to the latitude of a place C) refers to the longitudinal position of a point on the Earth's surface D) a and b above E) all of the above   Ans: A Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Easy       7. A functional region: A) is defined on the basis of some variable, such as the area where corn is grown B) is exemplified by a city and its hinterland C) is also known as a formal region D) has a transition zone at its center E) is the same as a homogeneous region   Ans: B Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Moderate       8. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Regions marked by internal homogeneity are classified as formal regions. B) Regions conceptualized as “spatial systems” are collectively identified as functional regions. C) A country likely constitutes a formal political region because within its boundaries certain conditions of nationality, law, and political tradition prevail. D) Functional regions are generally more static and immobile than formal regions. E) Functional regions have a core and a periphery.   Ans: D Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Hard       9. The difference between formal and functional regions is: A) the nature of the unifying properties: static homogeneity vs. functional cohesion B) the area involved: formal areas are very large, while functional areas are smaller C) the formal region is urban in nature, the functional region is rural D) the age of the regions: the functional region is normally much older than the formal region E) the formal region characterizes the non-Western world, the functional region is typically European or North American   Ans: A Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Moderate       10. All regions possess all of the following except: A) location B) area C) homogeneity D) boundaries E) regions possess all of the above   Ans: C Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Easy

5. The area that surrounds and is served by a city is known as its: A) periphery B) formal region C) hinterland D) core E) relative location   Ans: C Section Ref: Realms and Regions Difficulty: Easy

33. States first began to develop: A) In areas where cities could begin to command their hinterlands B) In open areas between empires C) In prehistoric East Africa D) After the colonial era ended in the 1950's E) In areas where boundaries had already been drawn by royal decree   Ans: A Section Ref: Realms, Regions, and States Difficulty: Moderate       34. The European state model includes all of the following except: A) A population governed from a capital city B) A clearly and legally defined territory C) A representative government D) A high level of urbanization E) It prevails in the aftermath of the collapse of colonial empires   Ans: D Section Ref: Realms, Regions, and States Difficulty: Moderate

35. The World Bank ranks countries within four groups. Which of the following is not one of those groups? A) High-income countries B) Upper-middle income countries C) Lower-middle income countries D) Middle-income countries E) Low-income countries   Ans: D Section Ref: Patterns of Development Difficulty: Easy       36. The core areas of the world: A) Include areas located only in the Northern Hemisphere B) Include areas located only in Europe and North America C) Are constituted by countries that do not contain areas of underdevelopment D) Include most of the countries of East Asia E) Constitute the area where the richer countries are clustered   Ans: E Section Ref: Patterns of Development Difficulty: Moderate       37. An index of regional disparity would be useful for examining: A) Economic differences between different regions of a country B) Political differences between functional and formal regions C) Temperature differences between core and periphery D) Similarities among African and Asian countries E) Differences between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres   Ans: A Section Ref: Patterns of Development Difficulty: Moderate       38. Which of the following is not an example of globalization? A) McDonald’s opening in France B) NAFTA C) The expanding use of English D) Japanese cars being made in Thailand E) Tariffs imposed on automobiles   Ans: E Section Ref: Patterns of Development Difficulty: Moderate       39. The gradual reduction of regional contrasts resulting from increasing cultural, economic, political and other types of exchanges is known as: A) Regional disparity B) Regional equalization C) Core-periphery widening D) The European trade model E) Globalization   Ans: E Section Ref: Patterns of Development Difficulty: Easy

World Geography Introduction

The Earth

Geography “To write about the earth” The study of place and space Studies the location and distribution of features on the earth’s surface Studies human activity, the natural environment, and the relationships between the two Answers where? And why? For example: Why is Tombouctou where it is and why did this settlement evolve on this site?

Classification Systems Biologists  Taxonomy, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Geologists  Three major groups, subsidiary groups, geological time Historians  Eras, ages, periods Geographers  Geographic realms and/or regions based on sets of spatial criteria

A World On Maps: Maps in Our Minds Mental Maps: maps in our minds of our activity spaces Offer general layout of the places we frequent & know, i.e. home, school, work, our city Help us to navigate our activity spaces efficiently, predictably & safely With each new activity space in our life, a new mental map is formed As knowledge of an activity space expands, so does the mental map © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

A World On Maps: The Map Revolution Cartography: the making of maps Technological revolutions Remote sensing: scanners & cameras on satellites send information to computers on Earth Geographic information systems (GISs): programs that allow presentation & analysis of spatial data Limitations Satellite data requires on-the-ground verification Maps are summaries & are inherently distorted © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geography’s Perspective Most interdisciplinary of disciplines A Spatial Perspective Key theme: space on Earth’s surface & its organization Particular patterns & processes that organize social & natural spaces spatial perspective: Geography’s consideration that spatial patterns are crucial to how we live & organize our societies © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geography’s Perspective: Environment and Society Geography’s intersection at social & natural sciences explicitly integrates each perspective Interest in relationship between human societies & natural (physical) environment Two-way street: Human transformation of the environment Human dependence on the environment & behavior a product of it Humans will always be a part of nature © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geography’s Perspective: Spatial Patterns Necessary knowledge of location & distribution of significant features of Earth’s surface Both human & natural worlds Also incorporates a temporal (historical) perspective Geography’s comprehensive spatial vocabulary Extensive & meaningful terms to describe patterns & processes from past, present & into the future Some definitions become more specific & complex in their usage by Geographers © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Scale and Scope The World Realms Regions CONCEPT OF SCALE

Geography’s Perspective: Scale and Scope Scale: map or analytical representation Map scale: compares the area & detail on the ground with on the map Operational scale: scale where social or natural processes play out & are investigated at a certain level of analysis © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

World Geographic Realms Geographic realms: global neighborhoods with combinations of environmental, cultural & organizational properties Criteria for Geographic Realms Three main sets of criteria: Physical & Human: define broad areas Functional: interaction within the area Historical: above criteria interrelated over-time © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

World Geographic Realms Realms are the result of interaction between human societies and natural environments Represent the most comprehensive and encompassing definition of the great clusters of humankind in the world today Change over time… Would the world have been divided in the same way in 1491?

Transition Zones Where geographic realms meet, transition zones, not sharp boundaries mark their contact The zone is an area of spatial change where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join Zones are marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms

Geographic Realms: Dynamic Entities Temporal change affects realms’ criteria Two Varieties of Realms Monocentric: realms dominated by a single major political entity, either by its territorial or population size Polycentric: appearance, functioning & organization is dispersed among equally influential regions or countries © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Regions Areas of the earth’s surface marked by certain properties Based on criteria we establish Criteria can be: Human (cultural) properties Physical (natural) properties Or both Regions are smaller and more detailed than realms

Regions All regions have: An area Boundaries Location

Regions Within Realms Regional concept: refined level of spatial classification requiring more specific criteria Often employed as part of everyday communication Often easy to imagine & describe, but difficult to outline on the map Different criteria can be identified or prioritized, thus changing the delimitation Use of spatial generalizations & selective criteria Depends on the purpose for creating the region © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Regions Within Realms: Criteria for Regions Five sets of criteria: Area: space occupied on Earth’s surface Boundaries: nature’s sharp divisions or using specific criteria to divide Location Often a region’s name contains a locational clue Absolute location: area’s extent defined by the geographic grid Relative location: referenced against other regions © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Regions Within Realms: Criteria for Regions Five sets of criteria (cont.): Homogeneity or sameness: Either human (cultural), physical (natural) or both Formal regions: areas with a measureable or visible internal homogeneity Regions as Systems marked by functional integration Spatial Systems: components & interactions within an areal extent, known as a functional region Core, as center of activity with a surrounding zone of interaction, or hinterland © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Formal Region Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena Also called a uniform or homogenous region Examples Corn Belt Megalopolis

Functional Region A region marked less by its sameness than by its dynamic internal structure A spatial system focused on a central core A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration Also called a “nodal” region Example Los Angeles Metropolitan Area

Hinterland Literally means “country behind” A term that applies to the service area “behind” (often surrounding) an urban center An urban center that is the focus of goods and services (often “the market”) produced in the hinterland, and is the latter’s dominant focal point as well City Hinterland Hinterland

The Physical Setting The role of natural environments in how people make their living Patterns of opportunity: favored areas with opportunities for plant & animal domestication Then followed continued adaptation & invention Led to the development of villages, towns & cities People in other environments found it harder without such favored opportunities Modern map carries these imprints of the past © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Natural (Physical) Landscapes Natural landscapes: array of landforms constituting Earth’s surface, including the physical features that mark them Landform types: mountains, hills, plains, plateaus Physical features: water bodies, soil, vegetation Influence human activity and movement Each geographic realm has its distinctive combination of natural landscapes © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Geology and Natural Hazards Tectonic plates: lighter rock continents float atop heavier rock plates that move by magma circulation cells within the Earth Collision of tectonic plates: Cause earthquakes & volcanoes Subduction Zones Continental drift: landmasses were once pieces of a supercontinent, Pangaea, that broke up & continues to drift apart Alfred Wegener, 1880-1930 © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Geology and Natural Hazards Pacific Ring of Fire: zone of crustal instability along plate boundaries ringing the Pacific Ocean Basin Marked by earthquakes & volcanic activity © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Climate Cyclical nature of Climate Ice Age: periods when average temperatures were low allowing the expansion of glacial ice equator-ward Cyclical periods: Glaciation: cold phases with glacial expansion Interglacials: warm phases with glacial receding Geologic Periods: Pleistocene: recent epoch spanning rise of humans Holocene: today’s Pleistocene interglacial epoch © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Climate Global Climate Change Includes natural & anthropogenic induced changes associated with warming or cooling Greenhouse effect leads to these climatic shifts Relationship between the atmosphere & radiation Warming: more solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere Cooling: more solar radiation is released out of or blocked from the atmosphere © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The Physical Setting: Climate Climate Regions Weather vs. Climate Climate: aggregate, total record of weather conditions at a place or region over-time Hydrologic Cycle Köppen’s Climatic Regions A: equatorial/tropical – B: dry C: temperate – D: cold E: polar – H: highland © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Map of Global Climate Regions Color-coded regions have relatively similar weather Notice patterns with latitude The Physical Setting: Climate

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Humid Equatorial (A) Climates High temperatures & high precipitation Three sub-regions: monsoon, rainforest & savanna The Physical Setting: Climate

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Dry (B) Climates Low precipitation with varying temperature averages Two sub-regions: arid & semiarid The Physical Setting: Climate

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Humid Temperate (C) Climates Mid-latitudes with no temperature extremes or severity 3 sub-regions: No dry season, dry winter & dry summer The Physical Setting: Climate

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Humid Cold (D) Climates Mostly continental with large temperature extremes 2 sub-regions: no dry season & dry winter The Physical Setting: Climate

© 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Cold Polar (E) & Highland (H) Climates Temperature ranges due to high latitudes or elevations 3 sub-regions: Tundra & Ice; Unclassified highlands The Physical Setting: Climate

Realms of Population © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Current World Population: 7.1 Billion Occupying less than 30% of Earth’s surface

Realms of Population: Major Population Clusters © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Population distribution: map with dots to represent ~100,000 people Distinct from population density as persons per unit area

Realms of Population: Major Population Clusters © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3 major world population clusters = 4 billion people Urbanization, or percentage of people living in cities & towns, varies among the world’s realms & regions

Realms of Population: Major Population Clusters © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. A: South Asia Centered on India, including Pakistan & Bangladesh World’s largest cluster made up mostly of farmers

Realms of Population: Major Population Clusters © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. B & C: East Asia Centered on China, including coastal zone Rapid change from rural-to-urban life & development

Realms of Population: Major Population Clusters © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. D: Europe European continent, including Western Russia Of the world’s most urbanized & industrialized realms

Realms of Culture Cultural landscape: distinctive attributes of a society imprinted on its portion of the world’s physical stage People start with their physical environment & use their culture to create a multi-layered landscape The cultural landscape can be read for clues about the relationship of people to their environment No realm has a single cultural landscape Variations help to define the world’s regions © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Cultural Landscape

Cultural Hearth The source areas from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that changed the world beyond

Sequent Occupancy Mexico City Aztec Templo Mayor Spanish Cathedral Modern skyscraper

Realms of Culture: The Geography of Language Language as the essence of culture Linguistic diversity in the face of English primacy Language lifespan: emerge, thrive & die out “Language tree” 15 language families: shared, but distant, origins Have several language sub-groups under a family Lingua franca: a common second language used in government, commerce or higher education English primacy a result of colonization & globalization © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Realms of Culture: Landscapes of Religion © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Crucial influence on world civilizations & history Patterns are diffuse & dynamic, yet there is still a strong connection between realms & religion

A World of States states: geographic term for political entities, also known as countries The Modern State Sovereignty: notion that government of a state rules supreme within its borders Essential to the world’s territory organized into a system of states sovereignty is usually recognized by other states However, recognition can be mired in conflict & war © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

A World of States: The Modern State Emergence of the modern state Ancient “proto-states” origins European state model: assumed a political entity (state) would territorially match a cultural entity (nation) as a nation-state Notion of the modern state is challenged… “from below” by ethnic minorities “from above” by international integration Power is still largely held by states © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

A World of States Subdivisions of the State Subnational political units i.e. States, Provinces, regions, Federal Districts, etc. Power decentralized to sub-state entities Geopolitics and the State Global influence often relates to a state’s geographic attributes i.e. physical geography, cultural or economic factors Significance of attributes does change overtime © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

A World of States States, Realms and Regions state borders often help bound realms & regions Realm & region boundaries can cut across states Political Geography Shapes world-scale geographic regions Global boundary framework also changes © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

State A politically organized territory Administered by a sovereign government Recognized by a significant portion of the international community A state must also contain: A permanent resident population An organized economy A functioning internal circulation system

Nation Must a nation be a place? Is a nation a state? Examples of stateless nations: Cherokee Nation The Kurds The Palestinians

Nation-State A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity Example: Japan Other examples?

Geographies of Development Economic geography: focuses on spatial aspects of peoples’ livelihoods & the patterns of production, distribution, & consumption Development: gauges a state’s economic, social & institutional growth Statistics: A Caution Data reflects state-scale totals & averages Can conceal regional & local variability © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geographies of Development Economic conditions (World Bank groupings) High-income High-middle-income Lower-middle-income Low-income Core vs. peripheral areas Issues of power Core has power over the periphery Advantage Exploitation

The Gini Coefficient Economic geographers study regional disparity Can be difficult to analyze income distribution within a considerably large population Gini Coefficient: Statistical formula measuring degree of dispersion Adapted into an index to reveal proportion of a population sharing wealth 0.0 = equitable distribution; 1.0 = completely uneven with one earner taking all Globally, countries Gini Coefficients are rising © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geographies of Development: Development in Spatial Perspective Economic development at sub-state scales is geographically complex & uneven Within “high- & middle income” economies there are still people in poverty Global influence does rely on economic prowess & relative size Cartogram: type of pseudo-map distorts size of states relative to their international prominence Not intended to reflect actual political space © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geographies of Development: Development in Spatial Perspective Uneven Development Human success has been focused on certain areas & has bypassed others Core areas: places of dominance that exerted power over surroundings, near & far Periphery: created through one-sided interactions to sustain the core Core-periphery interactions usually meant wealth for the core & enforced stability in the periphery © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Geographies of Development: Development in Spatial Perspective © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. The World Is Not Flat! Friedman: the world is so mobile, interconnected & integrated that core-periphery barriers are falling Yet, a global core persists And globalization’s affects on development are uneven by scale & pace Uneven Development Exists at a range of scales Spatial networks have nodes or intersections of various centrality & importance

Globalization Globalization: a geographic process in which economic, cultural & political relations shift to ever broader scales The world is integrated & interconnected in a “global village” Driven by rapid advances in communication & transportation technologies Not entirely new: historical globalization processes of the mid- and late- 19th century © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pudong, China

Globalization Global Challenges, Shared Interests Global Warming: global threat, yet mired in regional interests Global Migration Flows: global cultural interaction, yet barriers to transnational migrants increase Winners and Losers WIN: Expand international capitalism, standardize practices & shrink the development gap LOSE: Persistence of uneven development, increasing inequality at all scales & “unfair” competition © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Globalization: The Future The uncertainty of the future of globalization Critics: growing development gaps & impending global destabilization Proponents: give globalization time to spread its advantages to all Reality of the present: the “global village” is still distinct & some contrasts have been amplified What do you think? Do you side with critics or proponents? Why? © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Realms and Regions: Remarks on the Discipline of Geography Geography as both a social & physical science Types of study: Regional geography is an all-encompassing study of the world by its regions, which uses… Systematic geography and its research in systematic fields that relate to other disciplines, but uses its unique spatial perspective © 2012, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

World Regional Geography