Chapter Fourteen The Northern Renaissance and Reformation: Early Humanism and the Rise of Protestantism

Early Northern Humanism The New Devotion Gerard Groote, 1340-1384 Rudolf Agricola, 1444-1485 Johannes Reuchlin, 1455-1522 Conrad Celtis, 1459-1508 Lefèvre d’Étaples, 1455-1536 Ximénez de Cisneros, 1436-1517 John Colet, 1467-1519 Thomas More, 1478-1535 Utopia Desiderius Erasmus, 1469-1536 The Praise of Folly The Printing Press Movable type Johannes Gutenberg, 1398-1468

The Protestant Reformation Indulgences Martin Luther, 1483-1546 Ninety-Five Theses John Calvin, 1509-1564 Predestination Justification by faith alone Diet of Worms Huldrych Zwingli, 1484-1531 Consistory Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants The Spread of Calvinism Huguenots Henry IV, 1589-1610 Edict of Nantes St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Dutch War of Independence William of Orange, 1533-1584 The English Reformation Henry VIII, 1509-1547 Queen Mary, 1553-1558 Queen Elizabeth, 1558-1603 The Church of England (Anglican) The Puritans The Spanish Armada Scottish Presbyterianism Philippe du Plessis-Mornay, 1549-1623 The Anabaptists Menno Simmons, 1496-1561 Jewish-Christian Relations

The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III, 1534-1549 The Inquisition Society of Jesus (Jesuits) The Council of Trent Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556)