The principle works because different materials absorb and reflect x-rays to differing degrees. The Denser an object is the more it will block the passage of the beam for any given size. We will come back to the principle and examine it in more detail as we progress. First we are going to see what some of the internal parts actually look like.

X-ray Screening Technology & Equipment

Technology & Equipment Objectives List the Equipment designed to scan persons Equipment designed to screen baggage Equipment designed specifically to detect explosives Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each type of equipment Explain the alternative technologies and their potential capabilities for possible future application in the AVSEC field Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 2

Technology & Equipment Technology is part and parcel of each airport security checkpoint. It has long been accepted by the industry that, to prevent hijackers or saboteurs infiltrating threat items on board civil aircraft, a range of different technologies need to be deployed Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 3

Technology & Equipment Technology, works in partnership with the humans that operate the equipment. It is, therefore, important to recognise not only the detection capabilities of any given screening system, but also its limitations. Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 4

Technology & Equipment Passengers & staff pose a threat by; carrying a weapon on their person with which they intend hijacking a flight, infiltrating an improvised explosive (or incendiary) device onto an aircraft, on their person infiltrating a weapon or device onto the aircraft concealed within their hand baggage or checked baggage Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 5

Technology & Equipment Equipment designed to scan persons Equipment designed to screen baggage Equipment designed specifically to detect explosives Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 6

Technology & Equipment Equipment designed to scan persons Walk-through metal detectors (WTMD) Hand held metal detectors (HHMD) Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 7

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 8

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 9

Technology & Equipment Advantages of WTMD over HHMD speed of processing ensures uniformity/consistency of screening (not dependent on screener performance) customer-friendly screening Disadvantage Needs to be in a fixed location Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 10

Technology & Equipment Advantages of HHMD over WTMD accuracy (by being able to pinpoint the exact location on the body of a potential threat item) portability, and unit cost Disadvantages close proximity of screener to person being screened, reliance on screener’s accuracy/performance, time consuming way of screening Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 11

Technology & Equipment Cost HHMD – approx $200 + WTMD – approx $3500 + Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 12

Technology & Equipment Alternative Personnel Scanning Equipment Personnel X-ray Systems Millimetre Wave Imaging Systems Explosive Detection Portals Body Orifice Security Scanners Still under trial, not operationally deployed at airports yet Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 13

Technology & Equipment

Technology & Equipment

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 16

Technology & Equipment

Technology & Equipment Personal X-ray Systems Perceived health risks, cumulative scans Privacy issues, clear images of body Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 18

Technology & Equipment Millimeter Wave Imaging Systems Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 19

Technology & Equipment

Technology & Equipment Explosive Detection Portals Trace Particles Ion Mobility Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry Chemiluminescence's Vapor detection $125,000 each Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 21

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 22

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 23

Technology & Equipment Equipment designed to screen baggage and/or explosives X-ray Solutions Computed Tomography Systems Quadruples Resonance Explosive Particle Detection Technology Explosive Vapour Detection Technology Canine Olfaction Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 24

What Is Inside The X-ray? Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 25 Collimator X-ray head Detector array

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 26

Technology & Equipment X-Ray limitations Dense objects seen clearer Denser objects can conceal less dense but dangerous objects Capable of viewing image in 2D View depends on angle of object in bag Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 27

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 28

Technology & Equipment CT Scan Began in medical field X-Ray source that spins around the bag Produces 3D image Highlights material with similar atomic number to explosives Alarm rates in the range of 30% Cost $1 million Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 29

Technology & Equipment TNA & PFNA Use nuclear source Bombard baggage with neutrons Neutrons react with atomic nuclei of material in baggage producing gamma rays Gamma ray emission signatures analyzed against data base of nitrogen gamma rays Cost $ 1 million Extensive trials, incapable of detecting smaller amounts of explosive Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 30

Technology & Equipment Beam of low intensity radio waves directed at bag Nuclei of material orient themselves in an electromagnetic field When beam stops, nuclei lose electrical charge, go back to original alignment & emit weak radio signal Signal received & analyzed Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 31

Technology & Equipment Cargo Screening Systems Large X-Ray units with wide openings and heavy palletized capability (3000Kgs) Fixed vehicle/container X-Ray systems Vehicle/container portal systems Mobile truck-mounted systems Explosive detection, fixed and mobile Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 32

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 33

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 34

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 35

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 36

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 37

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 38

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 39

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 40

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 41

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 42

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 43

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 44

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 45

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 46

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 47

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 48

Technology & Equipment Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 49

Equipment Selection & Procurement Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 50

Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 51

Detecting a sheet explosive hidden behind electronic device

Equipment Selection & Procurement Acquisition of Equipment – Essential Questions Can we use existing equipment to meet the objectives? Can we upgrade our existing equipment? Should we replace our equipment with used equipment? should we purchase new equipment? How will we pay for this equipment? What are the risks of each option? Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 53

Equipment Selection & Procurement Factors involved in decision Budget available Purchase cost of the equipment Cost to operate & maintain the equipment Cost savings as a result of the purchase Salvage value of existing/old equipment (if any) Technology – obsolescence Risk (untested technology) Inter-connectivity with other systems Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 54

Equipment Selection & Procurement Manager determines What is needed Why is it needed Where is it needed When will it be required Make it all happen on time and within budget Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 55

Technology & Equipment Questions? Airport Security Operations IATA Training & Development Institute 56