March 15, 2012 What percentage of the Internet is in English? a) 55% b) 69% c) 86% d) 92% e) 95%

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Go over Quiz

Commas

Commas Lyman paints fences and bowls.

Commas Lyman paints, fences, and bowls.

1. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two main clauses. The comma comes after the first clause, right before the conjunction. The pie whooshed through the air, and it landed in Hal’s face. The pie whooshed with deadly aim, but the agile Hal ducked.

1. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two main clauses. If your clauses are short and parallel in form, you may omit the comma. Spring passed and summer came. They urged but I refused.  

1. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two main clauses. Or you may keep the comma. It can lend your words a speech-like ring, throwing a bit of emphasis on your second clause. Spring passed, and summer came. They urged, but I refused. 

1. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two main clauses. CAUTION: Do not use a comma with a coordinating conjunction that links two phrases or that links a phrase and a clause. Faulty: The mustangs galloped, and cavorted across the plain. Revised: The mustangs galloped and cavorted across the plain.

2. Use a comma after an introductory clause, phrase, or word. Weeping, Lydia stumbled down the stairs. Before that, Arthur saw her reading an old love letter. 

3. Use a comma between items in a series. When you list three or more items, whether they are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or entire phrases or clauses, separate them with commas. Country ham, sweet corn, and potatoes weighted Grandma’s table. Notice no comma follows the final item in a series.

3. Use a comma between items in a series. NOTE: Some writers omit the comma before the final item in the series. This custom may throw off the rhythm of a sentence and, in some cases, obscure the writer’s meaning. Using the comma in such a case is never wrong; omitting it can create confusion. I was met at the station by my cousins, brother and sister. I was met at the station by my cousins, brother, and sister.  OR

4. Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause. A nonrestrictive modifier adds a fact that, while perhaps interesting and valuable, isn’t essential. You could leave it out of the sentence and still make good sense. When a word in your sentence is modified by a nonrestrictive phrase or clause, set off the modifier with commas before and after it. Potts Alley, which runs north from Chestnut Street, is too narrow for cars. At the end of the alley, where the fair was held last May, a getaway car waited. 

4. Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause. A restrictive modifier is essential. Omit it and you significantly change the meaning of the modified word and the sentence. Because a restrictive modifier is part of the identity of whatever it modifies, no commas set it off from the rest of the sentence. They picked the alley that runs north from Chestnut Street because it is close to the highway. Anyone who robs my house will regret it. 

5. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive appositives. My third ex-husband, Hugo, will be glad to meet you. We are bringing dessert, blueberry pie, to the dinner.  Brad Carlos Hugo

5. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive appositives. If the appositive is restrictive then include it without commas. Of all the men I’ve been married to, my ex-husband Hugo is the best cook. Best Cook

6. Use commas to set off a phrase or clause expressing contrast. It was Rudolph, not Dasher, who had a red nose.

Practice: Your dog may have sharp teeth but my lawyer can bite harder. For instance modern breeds of cattle usually grow larger, and produce more meat and milk than older breeds. Mel has been a faithful hard-working consistent band manager. We are bringing a dish vegetable lasagna to the potluck supper. The hikers most of them wearing ponchos or rain jackets headed out into the steady drizzle.

1. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Your dog may have sharp teeth, but my lawyer can bite harder. Your dog may have sharp teeth, but, my lawyer can bite harder. Your dog may have sharp teeth but, my lawyer can bite harder. All of the above None of the above

2. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. For instance modern breeds of cattle usually grow larger, and produce more meat and milk than older breeds. For instance, modern breeds of cattle usually grow larger and produce more meat and milk than older breeds. For instance, modern breeds of cattle usually grow larger, and produce more meat and milk than older breeds. All of the above None of the above

3. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Mel has been a faithful, hard-working consistent band manager. Mel has been a faithful hard-working, consistent band manager. Mel has been a faithful hard-working consistent, band manager. All of the above None of the above

4. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. We are bringing a dish, vegetable lasagna to the potluck supper. We are bringing a dish vegetable lasagna, to the potluck supper. We are bringing a dish, vegetable lasagna, to the potluck supper. All of the above None of the above

5. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. The hikers most of them wearing ponchos or rain jackets, headed out into the steady drizzle. The hikers, most of them wearing ponchos or rain jackets, headed out into the steady drizzle. The hikers, most of them wearing ponchos or rain jackets headed out into the steady drizzle. All of the above None of the above

Commas (Part Two)

1. Use commas to set off a direct quotation from your own words. When you briefly quote someone, distinguish the source’s words from yours with commas (and, of course, quotation marks). When you insert an explanation into a quotation (such as he said), set that off with commas. Shakespeare wrote, “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.” “The best thing that can come with success,” commented the actress Liv Ullman, “is the knowledge that it is nothing to long for.” 

1. Use commas to set off a direct quotation from your own words. Notice that the comma always comes before the quotation marks. EXCEPTION: Do not use a comma with a very short quotation or one introduced by that. Don’t tell me “yes” if you mean “maybe.” Jules said that “Nothing ventured, nothing gained” is his motto.  

1. Use commas to set off a direct quotation from your own words. Don’t use a comma with any quotation run into your own sentence and read as part of it. Often such quotations are introduced by linking verbs. Her favorite statement at age three was “I can do it myself.” Shakespeare originated the expression “my salad days, when I was green in judgment.”  

2. Use commas around yes and no, mild interjections, tag questions, and the name or title of someone directly addressed. YES AND NO Yes, I’d like a Rolls- Royce, but, no, I didn’t order one. INTERJECTION Well, don’t blame it on me. TAG QUESTION It would be fun to ride in a Silver Cloud, wouldn’t it? DIRECT ADDRESS Drive us home, James.  

3. Use commas to set off dates, states, countries, and addresses. On June 6, 1979, Ned Shaw was born. East Rutherford, New Jersey, seemed like Paris, France, to him. His family moved to 11 Maple Street, Middletown, Ohio.

4. Do not use a comma to separate a subject from its verb or a verb from its object. Faulty: The athlete driving the purple Jaguar, was Jim Fuld. Revised: The athlete driving the purple Jaguar was Jim Fuld.

4. Do not use a comma to separate a subject from its verb or a verb from its object. Faulty: The governor should not have given his campaign manager, such a prestigious appointment. Revised: The governor should not have given his campaign manager such a prestigious appointment.  

5. Do not use a comma between words or phrases joined by correlative or coordinating conjunctions. Do not divide a compound subject or predicate unnecessarily with a comma. Faulty: Neither Peter Pan, nor the fairy Tinkerbell, saw the pirates sneaking toward their hideout. [Compound subject] Revised: Neither Peter Pan nor the fairy Tinkerbell saw the pirates sneaking toward their hideout.

5. Do not use a comma between words or phrases joined by correlative or coordinating conjunctions. Do not divide a compound subject or predicate unnecessarily with a comma. Faulty: The chickens clucked, and pecked, and flapped their wings. [Compound predicate] Revised: The chickens clucked and pecked and flapped their wings.

6. Do not use a comma to set off indirect quotations. When that introduces a quotation, the quotation is indirect and requires neither a comma nor quotation marks. Faulty: He told us that, we shouldn’t have done it. Revised: He told us that we shouldn’t have done it.  

6. Do not use a comma to set off indirect quotations. This sentence also would be incorrect if it were recast as a direct quotation, with a comma and quotation marks. Faulty: He told us that, “You shouldn’t have done it.” Revised: He told us, “You shouldn’t have done it.”

Practice: 1. Cesar Chavez was born on March 31 1927 on a farm in Yuma Arizona. 2. Chavez, who spent years as a migrant farm worker, told other farm laborers “If you are outraged at conditions, then you can’t possibly be free or happy until you devote all your time to changing them.” 3. Robert F. Kennedy called Chavez, “one of the heroic figures of our time.” 4. Chavez, who died on April 23 1993 became the second Mexican American to receive the highest civilian honor in the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

1. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Cesar Chavez, was born on March 31, 1927 on a farm in Yuma, Arizona. Cesar Chavez was born on March 31, 1927 on a farm in Yuma, Arizona. Cesar Chavez was born on March 31, 1927, on a farm in Yuma, Arizona. All of the above None of the above

2. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Chavez, who spent years as a migrant farm worker, told other farm laborers, “If you are outraged at conditions, then you can’t possibly be free or happy until you devote all your time to changing them.” Chavez who spent years as a migrant farm worker told other farm laborers, “If you are outraged at conditions, then you can’t possibly be free or happy until you devote all your time to changing them.” Chavez, who spent years as a migrant farm worker, told other farm laborers, “If you are outraged at conditions then you can’t possibly be free or happy until you devote all your time to changing them.” All of the above None of the above

3. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Robert F. Kennedy called Chavez, “one of the heroic figures of our time.” Robert F. Kennedy called Chavez “one of the heroic figures of our time.” Robert F. Kennedy, called Chavez, “one of the heroic figures of our time.” All of the above None of the above

4. Select the sentence that is punctuated correctly. Chavez, who died on April 23, 1993 became the second Mexican American, to receive the highest civilian honor in the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Chavez, who died on April 23, 1993, became the second Mexican American to receive the highest civilian honor in the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Chavez, who died on April 23, 1993 became the second Mexican American to receive the highest civilian honor in the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. All of the above None of the above

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son Steven surprised his family by bringing home his new wife for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school Sofia amazingly decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels how to select and store fresh vegetables and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried Alexei my oldest friend telephoned to announce “Jackie my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue Minneapolis Minnesota.” Mastering new software therefore involves solving two important problems which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20 1969 when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon he said “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son, Steven, surprised his family by bringing home his new wife, for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school Sofia amazingly decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels how to select and store fresh vegetables and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried Alexei my oldest friend telephoned to announce “Jackie my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue Minneapolis Minnesota.” Mastering new software therefore involves solving two important problems which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20 1969 when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon he said “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son, Steven, surprised his family by bringing home his new wife, for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school, Sofia, amazingly, decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels, how to select and store fresh vegetables, and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried Alexei my oldest friend telephoned to announce “Jackie my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue Minneapolis Minnesota.” Mastering new software therefore involves solving two important problems which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20 1969 when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon he said “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son, Steven, surprised his family by bringing home his new wife, for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school, Sofia, amazingly, decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels, how to select and store fresh vegetables, and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried, Alexei, my oldest friend, telephoned to announce, “Jackie, my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota.” Mastering new software therefore involves solving two important problems which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20 1969 when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon he said “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son, Steven, surprised his family by bringing home his new wife, for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school, Sofia, amazingly, decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels, how to select and store fresh vegetables, and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried, Alexei, my oldest friend, telephoned to announce, “Jackie, my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota.” Mastering new software, therefore, involves solving two important problems, which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20 1969 when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon he said “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Commas Surprise Review The oldest son, Steven, surprised his family by bringing home his new wife, for they had not known that he had even been dating somebody special. In high school, Sofia, amazingly, decided to take a cooking class to learn how to read package labels, how to select and store fresh vegetables, and how to prepare quick meals from basic ingredients. Because he knew that I was worried, Alexei, my oldest friend, telephoned to announce, “Jackie, my new address is 1561 Kendall Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota.” Mastering new software, therefore, involves solving two important problems, which are learning what the software can do and figuring out how to get the software to do it. On July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon, he said, “One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.”

Comparison and Contrast Page 73

Comparison and Contrast Keep the point of your comparison in mind Maintain the same basis for each subject being compared Point-by-Point Point 1 Subject A Subject B Point 1 Subject A Subject B Point 1 Subject A Subject B Subject-by-Subject Subject A Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Subject B Point 1 Point 2 Point 3

“From Now On, Let Women Kill Their Own Spiders”

Writing Activity in Pairs Write a humorous essay explaining a stereotype people have about your gender, culture, race, or religion. Poke fun at yourself the way Barry does here. This assignment should be about one page. When you are finished, get it checked off with me and you are free to go.

Homework Final draft of Essay #3 with rough draft, peer review, and rubric behind it!