Slum Policies in India Shohei Nakamura Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of Michigan 2012年3月23日　ワシントンDC開発フォーラム@世界銀行

Topics Introduction Urbanization trend Slum policies in India Mumbai’s Slum Rehabilitation Scheme Conclusion Q&A / Discussion

Urbanization trend Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/magazine/19Urban_West-t.html?pagewanted=all

Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Africa will see massive urbanization.

Urbanization in India is rapid and massive.

Slum Policies in India http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0hkfBS6Z6Io/Tb1bkn-3YfI/AAAAAAAAAiw/cqumVZLcLBA/s640/dharavi.jpg

Slums in India Definition A compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions. Source: Government of India. (2010). Report of the committee on slum statistics/census.

Slums in India Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Slums in India Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Slums in India Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Slums in India Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Slum population has increased from 75M in 2001 to 93M in 2011.

Why do slums proliferate in India? Income inequality Lack of economic growth In-migration Poverty Lack of affordable housing Slum formation Excessive/obsolete regulations Source: UN-Habitat (2003) Challenge of slums

Why are slums problematic? Detrimental to health Locking land for infrastructure/open spaces Insecure tenure Discrimination Slum of hope Solutions to government failure Community Eco-friendly/sustainable … Are they?

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) Improving existing slums Relocation/upgrading/redevelopment Preventing future slum formation Lifting regulatory barriers Subsidizing mortgage for the poor Improving governance Decentralization Information base (e.g. Slum GIS) Three-tiered approach

Slum Rehabilitation Scheme in Mumbai Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Questions: Is Slum Rehabilitation Scheme… Effective in improving living conditions of the urban poor? Replicable to other cities/countries? If not, how should we amend the policy?

Where is Mumbai? Source: http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/showArticle.jsp?srv=j1Yq1L6SGeWUPa

Slum locations in Mumbai Source: Mumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025

Floor Space Index (FSI) Source: Nakamura (2010)

How Slum Rehabilitation Scheme works? 1. Get agreement from at least 70% of slum dwellers 2. Shift slum dwellers into transit accommodation and demolish the slum 3. Build new tenements for slum dwellers 4. Build (and sell) sale components as many as the FSI of the land allows FSI Limit ( FSI=3.0 in slum areas) Rehabilitated Components Sale Components 5. Sell the rest of incentive FSI or use it in other project sites to the north of this site = Transfer of Development Rights TDR Other projects Market Slum

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Rehabilitated housing Taken by Shohei Nakamura

Political economy in SRS Source: Nakamura (2010) [3] Provide developable floor space through SRS/TDR [4] Redevelop slums and provide financial support (bribe) [2] Provide political support (vote) and work force [1] Promise free housing [5] Surrender squatted lands and appoint developers [6] Provide free housing Governments Slum Dwellers Private Developers

Downsides/limitations of SRS Not led by communities Forced many to moved/sold out Susceptible to volatile market Built on obsolete regulations Exacerbated congestion Source: http://development.thinkaboutit.eu/scripts/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/Stanley3.jpg

Concentration of TDR use has caused congestion

Summary Top down/bottom up Community participation/development Private-public partnership Market and speculation Planning regulations and easement Informal sector/housing

Thank you! Taken by Shohei Nakamura