Universal Next Generation Agriculture By Synara Ung Disease & Insect Balanced Nutrient, Soil Microbes UNG Agriculture

Topics: 2 Disease & Insect Current Issues General effect of nutrients Types of disease Nutrients effect on disease & insect Soil microbes effect on disease & insect

Current Issues: Today’s Agriculture 3 Today’s Agriculture: Disease & insect major threat to food production Dependent on pesticide for crop protection Resistance to pesticide few are ineffective New cultivar, new pesticide Biological control as supplemental Input cost increasing Risks

Current Issues: Today’s Agriculture 4 Pesticide Resistance

Effect of Nutrients: on Disease & Insect 5 Effect of Nutrients: Disease & insect resistance – genetics Affect ability to express genetic potential All influence how often, how severe Cultivar highly efficient in micronutrient uptake Both nutrient imbalance/deficiency is detrimental

Topics: 6 Disease & Insect Types of disease Fungal Bacterial Viral

Types of Disease: Fungal Disease 7 Fungal disease: Fungal infection occurs as spores germinate on plant surfaces As germination proceeds, the fungus must penetrate the surface cells The physical resistance presented by the strength and integrity of the cell walls Intercellular spaces is the plants first line of defense

Types of Disease: Fungal Disease 8 Rice blast disease ជញ្ជាំង កោសិកា

Types of Disease: Bacterial Disease 9 Bacterial disease: Pathogens typically enter the leaf through stoma and spread within the intercellular spaces Plant resistance to bacterial spread within the leaf is closely related to the Structure​/strength of internal cells, intercellular space ability to produce/transport antibacterial compounds

Types of Disease: Bacterial Disease 10 Stoma: Pores in leaf & stems Gas exchange CO2 for photosynthesis Tomato Leaf

Types of Disease: Viral Disease 11 Viral disease: There is little data on the effects of mineral nutrition on viral diseases Viruses live and multiply within plant cells nutrition is amino acids & nucleotides within the cells Some symptoms of viral diseases Lessen/disappear with balanced nutrition

Types of Disease: Viral Disease 12 ដំឡូងមី Cassava Mosaic virus

Topics: Agenda 13 Disease & Insect Balanced nutrient Soil Microbes

N 14 Balanced Nutrient: N & K Balance Nitrogen (N): Adequate N, formation of various structures, proteins and enzymes needed both in growth and disease resistance Excess N uptake can promote conditions favorable to disease and insect damage Calcium (Ca): structural component of cell walls & membranes Shortage of Ca, plant structures less able to resist infection by disease organisms

N 15 Balanced Nutrient: K, Mn, Cu, Zn, & B When a plants are infected by a fungus: Natural defenses are triggered Increased production of fungus inhibiting at site Production and transport of these compounds is controlled by the nutrition of the plant Shortages of K, Mn, Cu, Zn, & B reduce amount of natural antifungal compounds at the site of infection

N 16 Balanced Nutrient: K, Mn Potassium (K): Most effective against plant diseases and pests Mobile regulator of enzyme activity involved in essentially all cellular functions that influence disease severity Manganese (Mn): Use as ingredient for fungicide Use in the production of phenolic compounds and lignin formation, two of the major items in a plants arsenal against disease

N 17 Balanced Nutrient: Cu, Zn Copper (Cu): Use as ingredient for fungicide Used for disease prevention/correction since 1900 Decreased the severity of a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases Zinc (Zn): Zn is an active ingredient in some fungicides

N 18 Balanced Nutrient: B, Si Boron (B): Reported to reduce disease infection or lessen its effects Function in cell membrane permeability/stability Silicon (Si): Adequate Si, increase the difficulty of sucking insects, like aphids or leaf hoppers

Topics: Agenda 19 Disease & Insect Soil Microbes

N 20 Soil Microbes: Effect on Disease Effect on Disease: Most effective against plant diseases and pests Microbes act as probiotic/immune system for soil preventing plant diseases from developing suppress harmful pathogens--by community Some microbes generate compounds that are toxic to other organisms Compete with pathogens for food/location on root Exude compounds attract certain species to root protect the roots from disease-causing species