Plan of Old St. Peters; Basilica of Constantine

Old St. Peters

Old St. Peter’s

Typical long plan Early Christian Church: Santa Sabina, Rome, 422-432

Hagia Sophia, 6th c Constantinople

Hagia Sophia

Medieval, Barbarian, Purse cover from Sutton Hoo ship burial, Suffolk, England, ~625. 7 1/2“ long

Medieval, Cross Page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, Northumbria, England 698-721

Left (opening folio to the GOSPEL OF JOHN) Right (

Medieval, Barbarian, Animal Head post from Oseberg Ship Burial, ~825, wood, 5”

Odo of Metz. Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne (Aachen, Germany), 792-805

Left: Palatine Chapel in Aachen; Right, S Vitale in Ravenna

Crucifixion, front cover of the Lindau Gospels, from Saint Gall, Switzerland, ca. 870. Gold, precious stones, and pearls, 1’ 1 3/8” X 10 3/8”. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York.

Medieval, Carolingian, Lindau Gospels back cover, c870, about 13.5” x 10”; Cross and Carpet page of Book of Lindesfarne, 698-721

Carolingian, St Matthew from Gospel Bk of Charlemagne, 800-810; Carolingian, St Mark from the Ebbo Gospels, 816-835; Carolingian, St. Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels, 816-835

Carolingian, Psalm 44, Utrecht Psalter, ca 820-835

Ottonian, Christ Washing the Feet of Peter, from the Gospel Book of Otto III, 997-1000

Medieval, Ottonian, Otto III Enthroned, from the Gospel Book of Otto III, 997-1000

Medieval, Ottonian, The Annunciation to the Shepherds, from the Lectionary of Henry II, 1002-1014

Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero for Cologne Cathedral, Germany, ca. 970. Painted wood, height of figure 6’ 2”. Cathedral, Cologne.

Early Christian, Santa Sabina plan, Rome, 5th c. Ottonian, Abbey Church of St Michael at Hildesheim, Germany, 1001- 1031

Ottonian, Abbey Church of St Michael at Hildesheim, Germany, 1001-1031

Romanesque, Abbey Church of St Michael at Hildesheim, Germany

Doors with relief panels from Saint Michael’s at Hildesheim, 1015, bronze, commissioned by Bishop Bernward. 16’6” high

Medieval, Romanesque pd, Bayeux Tapestry, 1070-80

The Road to Santiago: pilgrimage routes emerging during the Romanesque Period

Santiago de Compostela This is a pilgrimage site because it claims the body of St. James. Note that façade is in the Churrigueresque Style, which is the Spanish version of Rococo ornamentation, “the most exuberantly ornamental phase of Spanish architectural decoration, lasting from c. 1675 to c. 1750.” (http://www.artnet.com/library/01/0176/T017669.ASP)

Early Christian, Santa Sabina plan, 422-432; Romanesque, St. Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1070-1120

Medieval, Romanesque, St. Sernin nave, 1080-1120

St. Sernin (Toulouse, France) c. 1070-1120

Speyer Cathedral (West Germany) begun 1030; note groin vaulting

Speyer Cathedral (West Germany) begun 1030; burial place of Holy Roman emperors/ unit of measure based on every third wall support/ alternation continues up to the vault

Durham Cathedral (England), begun c. 1093

Saint-Etienne (Caen, France) begun 1067; façade’s clarity of structure/ exterior buttresses

Saint-Etienne (Caen, France) begun 1067; three-story elevation/alternate-support system with compound piers/ sexpartite rib vaults

TUSCAN STYLE: Italy’s version of Romanesque: Cathedral of Pisa, baptistery, and campanile (Italy) 1053-1272

TUSCAN STYLE: Italy’s version of Romanesque: Cathedral of Pisa, baptistery, and campanile (Italy) 1053-1272

transept/ incrustation/ campanile

Interior views of the cathedral at Pisa

San Mineato al Monte, Florence, 11th century

Hildegard (von Bingen) and Volmar, Liber Scivias, ca 1165-75

Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna), from the Auvergne, France, second half of twelfth century. Painted wood, 2’ 7” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1916).

RAINER OF HUY, baptism of Christ, baptismal font from Notre-Dame-des-Fonts, Liège, Belgium, 1118. Bronze, 2’ 1” high. Saint-Barthélémy, Liège.

WILIGELMO, creation and temptation of Adam and Eve, detail of the frieze on the west facade, Modena Cathedral, Modena, Italy, ca. 1110. Marble, 3’ high

Lions and Old Testament prophet (Jeremiah or Isaiah?), trumeau of the south portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, ca. 1115–1130.

Medieval, Romanesque, Gislebertus, Last Judgment tympanum, St.-Lazare, Autun, France.

Gislebertus. Last Judgment from the west tympanum of Saint-Lazare (Autun, France), c. 1120-1135, marble

Gislebertus. Last Judgment from the west tympanum of Saint-Lazare (Autun, France), c. 1120-1135, marble

Romanesque sculptures in tympanum over church doorways

Early Gothic, Middle Gothic, High Gothic (L to R) A: Medieval, Gothic, Jamb statues, Chartres, 1145-70 B and C: Annunciation and Visitation, Reims Cathedral, 1225-45. D: Death of the Virgin. c. 1230 Stone Cathedral, Strasbourg.

Ambulatory and radiating chapels of the abbey church of St. Denis (near Paris), 1140-1144

Plan of the sanctuary at St. Denis

St. Denis/ Gothic desire for enlarged, continuous space/ crypt/ severies/ Abbot Suger/ lux nova

Left: Interior of Notre Dame (Paris)Below: Plan of Notre Dame (Paris

rose window/ unfinished state/ emotional appeal of a Gothic church (vs. an intellectual one)

Flying buttresses

Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France), begun 1134, rebuilt after 1194

Plan of Chartres Cathedral; the first High Gothic building/ rectangular bay system/ quadripartite vaults

rebuilt after a fire of 1194/ large clerestory windows/ tripartite nave elevation

two towers built fifty years apart

Royal Portals on the west facade

North Rose Window at Chartres, c. 1230rose window/ plate tracery vs. bar tracery

Nave and apse of Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, begun 1220

Reims Cathedral (France) begun 1211 tympanums of glass/ elongated features

Annunciation and Visitation door jambs

Right: Ste. Chapelle (Paris) 1243-1248Below: Louis IX carrying a model of Ste. ChapelleRayonnant style/ St. Louis (Louis IX)  

transmission of colored light in the upper chapel/ mullions

Medieval, Romanesque, St. Etienne, Caen, France, begun 1068; Medieval, Gothic, west facade of Reims Cathedral, 1225-99

Medieval, Romanesque, St. Sernin nave, 1080-1120; Medieval Gothic, Leon (Spain) Cathedral nave, 1250-1275

Basilica of Constantine (Roman) Old Saint Peters (Early Christian)

Old Saint Peters

Hagia Sophia

Stages of MEDIEVAL ART BYZANTINE is technically MEDIEVAL! – it lasts through the entire MEDIEVAL period! EARLY MEDIEVAL (Hiberno Saxon, Carolingian, & Ottonian = smallish art, lots of manuscripts) ROMANESQUE Churches start to get big, but are dark and foreboding on the inside. GOTHIC Churches get TALL and brightly lit with lots of windows!

ROMAN AND BYZANTINE Empires HIBERNO SAXON VIKING CAROLINGIAN & OTTONIAN

EARLY MEDIEVAL ART “DARK AGES” = NOT ALL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY HIBERNO SAXON (Art of Britian & the British Isles) VIKING ART (Scandinavia) (EUROPE EMERGES from the “DARK AGES” at this point) CAROLINGIAN ART (Art of Charlemagne, his empire) OTTONIAN ART (Frankish Kings, successors of Char)

THE HUNS = of the HUNNIC EMPIRE A nomadic Eurasian people, fierce warriors. Atilla = their most well know, fierce leaders Fearsome enemy of the Eastern & Western Roman Empire 370-454 CE Broke up one year a After death of ATILLA Atilla = BAD!

PURSE COVER from SUTTON HOO ship burial Early Medieval / Suffolk, England / 625 7 1/2” long

INTERLACING and CLOISSONE (colored areas separated by thin band of metal, usually gold or bronze)

COINS FOUND IN PURSE

Lindisfarne “The Holy Island”

LINDISFARNE GOSPELS Northumbria, England 698-721 Matthew the Evangelist Cross page from Lindisfarne FOLIOS = individual pages of illuminated manuscripts

ZOOMORPHIC INTERLACING (monks watched the birds!)

THE BOOK OF KELLS c. 800 Celtic / Irish Christ Enthroned

Virgin & Child Chi Rho Iota page Book of Kells

Emeterius & Senior COLOPHON PAGE of a I.M. on “Commentary on the Apocalypse” 970 Spain tempera on parchment 14”x10”

VIKING Viking Animal Head post from Oseberg Ship Burial 825 CE Wood / 5’ interlacing

Stave Church Norway/ 1125-50

CAROLINGIAN The Art of Charlemagne and his times First “revival” of classical art since ROME Kept with MEDIEVAL tradition of making MANUSCRIPTS / CODICES Inspiration from Rome and Byzantine Charlemagne: King of the Franks / Holy Roman Emperor Determined to restore order to Europe!

HRE Holy Roman Empire

ODO of METZ Palatine Chapel 792-805

Palatine Chapel 792-805 San Vitale, Ravenna 527-547 Carolingian Byzantine

Plan of the Abbey of St. Gall Original: red ink on parchment c. 817

36 CRUCIFIXION LINDAU GOSPELS, front cover 870 CE

LINDAU Gospels, back cover 870 CE 13.5” x 10” Carolingian

Carolingian St. Matthew St. Mark St. Matthew

UTRECHT PSLATER 820-832 Ink on vellum

Ottonian Christ Washing the Feet of Peter From the Gospel Book of Otto III 997-1000

Otto III Enthroned From the Gospel Book of Otto III 997-1000 Ottonian

45 GERO CRUCIFIX @ Cologne Cathedral 970 -wood

CHRISTUS PATIENS = See the SUFERING AND AGONY! Iesvs Nazarenvs Rex Iudaeorvm = Latin for Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

CHRISTUS TRIUMPHANS “Heeeey, look at me – I’m triumphant over death!” Cool Calm Collected

Early Christian: Santa Sabina Rome / 5th c. OTTONIAN Abbey Church Of St. Michael @ Hildescheim Germany 1001-1031

Abbey Church of St Michael at Hildesheim, Germany, 1001-1031

Abbey Church of St. Michael at Hildescheim / Germany 1001-1033

Bishop Bernward

Romanesque PILGRIMAGES to sacred European shrines CHURCH designs accommodates this influx LAST JUDGEMENT SCENES = need for salvation. WHERE WILL THEY GO???

BAYEUX TAPESTRY 1070-80 Bayuex, France Normany LINEN & WOOL

THE ROAD TO SANTIAGO (Santiago de Compostela)

Santiago de Compostela 1078-1122 Spain CHURRIGUERESQUE STYLE = Spanish ROCOCO

St. SERNIN

St. Sernin - ROMANESQUE 1080-1120 Toulouse, France

Speyer Cathedral (West Germany) begun 1030

Durham Cathedral (England) begun c. 1093 First to use RIB VAULTS!!! ARCHES (arcade) clerestory triforium

Saint-Etienne Caen, France begun 1067 WESTWORK An entrance area at the west end of a church usually with towers and much bigger than the church it is attached to

The TUSCAN STYLE: Italy’s version of the Romanesque BLIND ARCADES The Pisa Cathedral Complex (Baptistery, Cathedral and Campanile) Pisa, Italy 1053-1272

CAMPALINE

ITALY s MARBLE MARBLE INCRUSTATION= wall decoration of bright panels of different colored marbles (like in The PANTHEON!

SAN MINEATO al MONTE / Florence, Italy / 11th C.

INTERIOR

Baptistery of San Giovanni Florence, Italy 1059

Hildegard von Bingen LIBER SCIVIAS c. 1165-75

77 Virgin and Child (Morgan Madonna) 12th C. Painted wood 2’7” high

78 RAINER OF HUY Baptism of Christ (baptismal font from Notre Dame des Fonts, Belgium) 1118 Bronze 2’1” high

79 “Among sculptors, your work shines forth, Wiligelmo!” WILIGELMO Creation and Temptation of Adam and Eve c. 1110 / marble

80 Trumeau of South Portal @ Priory Church of Saint-Pierre c. 1115

St. Lazare Autun, France

Gislebertus Last Judgment from the WEST tympanum of St. Lazare / c. 1120-35 / marble

Early Gothic (1140ish - 1194 ) High Gothic (1194 - 1300) Late Gothic (After 1300) Other styles … RAYONNANT & FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC

Giorgio Vasari (Art History Daddy) BIG DUMMY Wrote “Lives of the Artists” Was a (crappy) painter himself First to use the term “GOTHIC” to ridicule late medieval art and architecture So … because of him … “Goths” responsible for the downfall of Rome, which the Renaissance placed on a pedestal.

A B C 1145-70 b. 1225 c. 1245 c. 1230 D

Ambulatory and radiating chapels of the abbey church of St. Denis (near Paris) 1140-1144 *First GOTHIC building!

Plan of the sanctuary at St. Denis St. Denis sanctuary

St. Denis / Gothic Abbot Suger “lux nova”

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Essentially a stone skeleton that is then filled in with stained glass!

Notre Dame de PARIS Begun in 1163 “Notre Dame” = “Our Lady” aka VIRGIN MARY!

church (vs. an intellectual one)

flying buttresses = Notre Dame de Paris FIRST church that uses them on large scale!

GARGOYLES = water spouts that project rain and filth from their orifices.

LAON CATHEDRAL c. 1190 Laon, France Early Gothic

Notre Dame de Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France), begun 1134, rebuilt after fire in 1194

First HIGH GOTHIC CATHEDRAL (after fire of 1194)

rebuilt after a fire of 1194/ large clerestory windows/ tripartite nave elevation nave arcade triforium clerestory

two towers built 50 years apart

Chartes Labyrinth

Royal Portal the west façade of Chartes c. 1145-1155 Only part of pre-1194 fire church that remains!

Royal Portals on the west facade

Northern Portals of CHARTRES High GOTHIC .. Built after the 1194 fire! Acquired the head of St. Anne in 1204 Dedicated this entrance to The Virgin (Notre Dame / Our Lady)

North Rose Window at Chartres c. 1230

Notre Dame de la Belle Verriére (Virgin and Child and angels) Chartres Cathedral c. 1170 16’ x 7’ x 8” Theotokos Madonna (Hagia Sophia) Byzantine

LAON PARIS CHARTRES REIMS AMIENS 75 ft. 80 ft. 118 ft. 123 ft. 139 ft. EARLY GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC

Amiens Cathedral begun 1220 Amiens, France QUATREFOILS

tympanums of glass/ elongated features Reims Cathedral (France) begun 1211 HIGH GOTHIC TYMPANA of GLASS

Annunciation (jamb figures) Visitation (jamb figures) @ Reims Cathedral

  Ste. Chapelle (Paris) 1243-1248 Below: Louis IX carrying a model of Ste. Chapelle

RAYONNANT STYLE = associated with King Louis IX (St. Louis!)

Old Testament Scenes (in no particular order)

Saint-Maclou Rouen, France c.1500-1514 FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC

Virgin of Paris Notre Dame de Paris early 14th C.

Ekkehard and Uda Naumburg Cathedral / Germany c. 1249

Rottgen Pieta

ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE inspired by the French, but never let go of local traditions!

SALISBURY CATHEDRAL (England) 1220-1258

GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL 1332-1357 PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC STYLE emphasis on vertical lines TOMB OF EDWARD II @ Gloucester

Gloucester Cloisters

WESTMINSTER ABBEY London Chapel of Henry VII @ Westminster Abbey 1503-1519

St. Sernin / Romanesque Amiens Cathedral / Gothic