Víctor M. Rubira Alberto Fernández 1ºB Bachillerato Genetics

Definition Divisions of Genetics Genetics importance Genetic diseases Dolly the sheep Index

It is the field of the Biology that looks for understand the biological heredity that it’s passed from generation to generation Definition

Divisions of Genetics

Classic or mendelian It deals with chromosomes’ and genes’s study and how they’re inherited from generation to generation Quantitative It analyzes the impact of a lot of genes on the phenotype, especially when these effects are small-scale Divisions of Genetics

Molecular It studies the DNA, its composition and the way it is duplicated It studies the genes function from molecular view Evolutionary and population’s It deals with genes behaviour in a population and how this thing determines the organisms evolution. We can find many familiar features in common, such as eyes colour, skin colour or hair colour. Divisions of Genetics

Genetic knowledge has made possible a big improvement in plants used in alimentation productivity(rice,wheat, corn…) It’s been a dominant component of health revolution and medical assistance in this century The importance in the bioengineering field has been altering the genetic material of an organism. Genetics importance

It makes possible altering several DNA segments, getting new genes and new genetic features, and avoiding defects in DNA It’s made possible the medical treatment and preventing the Down Syndrome repetition Genetics importance

Bioengineering offers the hope of creating more effective antibiotics, besides the discovery of a growth hormone in order to fight against dwarfism. Genetics plays a very important role in the evolution of our specie, and eradication of genetic diseases. Genetics importance

Is a pathological condition that is caused by an alteration in the genome. Genetic diseases

It can be hereditary or not: 1-If the altered gen is in gamete (ovules and spematozoid), it’ll be hereditary (it will transmit from generation to generation) 2-If it affects the somatic cell, it’ll not be inherited Genetic diseases

Mutation, like in many cancers Genetic diseases Causes

Deletion of a region of a chromosome, like in 22q13 deletion syndrome, where the end of the long arm of chromosome 22 is missing, or the whole chromosome, like in Turner syndrome where a sexual chromosome was missing. Genetic diseases Causes

Chromosomes duplication, like in Down Syndrome Genetic diseases Causes

One or many inherited genes from parents; In this case, the disorder is called hereditary disease. Parents often are healthy, if they are carriers of a recessive defect such as cystic fibrosis but there’s also cases with dominant genetic defects, such as achondroplasia. Genetic diseases Causes

Repeated duplication of a part of the chromosome, like in the fragile X syndrome Genetic diseases Causes

Some Genetic diseases P - Mutation, or insertion / deletion of a gene or of a part of a gene D - Absence of a gene or genes C - A whole extra chromosome a missing one or both.

DEFINITION Cloning can be defined as the process by which you get copies of a developed asexually organism, cell or molecule CLONING

FEATURES It is necessary to clone the molecules, because you can’t make an organ or a part of a clone if you don’t have with the molecules that belongs to that being We need to know what we want to clone CLONING

FEATURES Being part of a "developed" animal because cloning answers to an interest in getting copies of a particular animal that we want , and just when it’s an adult we can know their featires CLONING

FEATURES We want to get it by an asexual way. Sexual reproduction allows us not to get identical copies, because this kind of reproduction generates diversity. CLONING

KINDS OF CLONING

It’s used in a wide variety of biological experiments and applications practices range from the taking of fingerprints fingerprints for production of proteins to great scale. In practice, in order to amplify any sequence in a living organism, the sequence to clone must be linked to a source of Replication (DNA sequence) MOLECULAR CLONING

Transfection The sequence formed is introduced within cells. Selection Finally, we select the cells that have been transfected successfully with the new DNA. MOLECULAR CLONING

Cloning a cell is to form a group of them from a single. In the case of single-celled organisms (bactery, yeasts) this process is very simple and only requires the inoculation of the appropriate products. CELLULAR CLONING

In the case of cell cultures in multicellular organisms, the cloning of cells is very difficult, because it is needed a very specific environement conditions Useful technique: use of cloning rings (cylinders). CELLULAR CLONING

It consists of taking an embryo up to 8 cells and generate identical embryos. The blastomeres of the original embryo are introduced in a empty zone or a artificial cover (ZPA), and are generated identical to the original (clones) embryos from each one. ARTIFICIAL CLONING

It is totally forbidden in humans, because human embryos can die during the process ARTIFICIAL CLONING

It is a cloning which is based on the creation ofa genetically identical copy to an actual human’s bein or animal´s one. It has low performance and carries with it certain risks, such as epigenetic problems (syndrome the: the clone grows much more, than the original animal) and senescence REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

It is banned in humans, because human embryos can die in the process. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Cloned in 1996 First mammal to be cloned from DNA derived from an adult rather than be used the DNA of an embryo. It aged rather than a normal sheep, because the source (Dolly) conveyed his cellular age to the clone. 277 Embryos were also neededto produce this birth. DOLLY THE SHEEP

DOLLY THE SHEEP

Its creators were scientists from the Institute Roslin in Edinburgh (Scotland),Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell. It was in reality a result sheep of a nuclear combination from one donor cell differentiated to an egg not fertilized and without a core. DOLLY THE SHEEP

The cell that Dolly came from was a cell differentiated or specialized, from of a woven concrete the mammary gland of a adult animal (a six years old Dorset sheep) Dolly lived at the Roslin Institute. It was there for crossed with a male Welsh Mountain to produce six pups in total DOLLY THE SHEEP

In the autumn of 2001, at age five, Dolly develops arthritis toddlers painfully, being treated successfully with anti-inflammatory drugs On 14 February 2003, Dolly was sacrificed because of a progressive lung disease DOLLY THE SHEEP

Picture 1 (Cover) FlickrCC Picture 2 (Cancer)  FlickrCC Picture 3 y 4 (Down Synd.)  FlickrCC 2 Picture 5 (fragile X Synd.)  Google Picture 6 (Dolly)  Wikipedia PHOTO REFERENCES

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