June 12, 2012

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i>Clicker Introduction

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Critical Analysis

Critical Analysis Analysis—a process of breaking down something complex into simpler elements that will make it more understandable. Critical analysis—analysis with an argumentative and evaluative edge Chart on page 71 If you are not already someone who views texts with a critical eye, prepare yourself to assume this new disposition! (70)

Critical Analysis Questions to promote analysis: What is said? Why is it viewed that way? How is it said?

Critical Analysis For your essays (and especially Essay #1), look at the questions on pages 72, 73, and 74 to help you get started.

Critical Analysis You can give equal weight to all of the components of the text you are examining. More likely, you will zero in on a few key components, view the text through a critical lens, or compare the text to a source that is similar.

Critical Analysis When you receive an assignment that calls for critical analysis, think in terms of textual elements such as thesis or major claim, evidence, point of view, assumptions, inferences, judgments, conclusions and implications. Examine what the text says and also what the text doesn’t say; its gaps, omissions, and weaknesses.

Questions?

Watch the following commercial and take notes to write a critical analysis. Huggies Commercial

In pairs, write a one-page critical analysis of the Huggies commercial. Think about: What is said? (Thesis) Why is it viewed that way? (Main points supporting the thesis) How is it said? (Method or technique)

Short Break 5 Minutes

Essay #1 Prompt

Essay #1 Prompt Choose one of the essays we have read and respond to it in two to three pages. You must paraphrase (not quote) the author three times throughout your essay.

Essay #1 Prompt You are writing a critical analysis. Do not summarize the essay!!!! There should be a good deal of your original thinking in your text.

Essay #1 Prompt You must submit your essay to turnitin.com. Please set up your account early in order to avoid technical difficulties. Papers submitted after the deadline will be marked as late regardless of the reason.

Essay #1 Prompt The rough draft of this essay is due Wednesday, June 13, 2012, in class. You will need to bring your highlighters to class that day and be prepared for a peer review. You will be marked down if you do not have a rough draft. The essay is due Monday, June 18, 2012, by 11:55 p.m. The essay is worth 65 points.

Plagiarism Video

Avoiding academic dishonesty Is it plagiarism yet?

Thanks to the OWL at Purdue for information, definitions, and exercises. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

What is considered plagiarism? Obviously plagiarism: Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper (including from the web) Hiring someone to write your paper for you Copying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation Also plagiarism: Using a source too closely when paraphrasing Building on someone else’s words or ideas without citing their work (spoken or written)

What needs to be cited?: A Brief List Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writing When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materials When you reuse or repost any electronically-available media, including images, audio, video, or other media

The Bottom Line Document any words, ideas, or other productions that originate somewhere outside of you.

Common Knowledge You do not need to cite information that is considered “common knowledge” or is a generally accepted fact. Generally, something does not need to be cited if it is a fact that can be found in at least three reliable sources. Examples: The sky is blue. Approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. The Pythagorean theorem is a2 + b2 = c2. “Common knowledge” applies to specific, brief facts.

Personal Experiences You do not need to cite when you are writing your own experiences, your own observations, your own insights, your own thoughts, or your own conclusions on a subject.

How do you use someone else’s work? There are three ways to use the work of someone else: Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing Because we want you to build your own understanding of the information through an assignment, most of your use of another person’s work will be in paraphrases and summaries.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Paraphrasing is a useful skill because the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Summarizing Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Let’s Compare: The Original Passage Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Why is this version unacceptable?

Paraphrasing activity in groups Go over the answers with iClickers

Long Break 15 Minutes

How to integrate a paraphrase into your writing

PREPARE FOR AND FOLLOW UP ON A PARAPHRASE To integrate a paraphrase properly within a paragraph, a good writer usually has (1) At least one sentence to introduce the paraphrase, (2) the paraphrase itself, and (3) at least one sentence to comment on the paraphrase.

Top piece of bread: at least one sentence to introduce the paraphrase Meat: paraphrase with proper documentation Bottom piece of bread: at least one sentence to explain or comment on the paraphrase (usually the majority of the paragraph)

Questions?

Sentence Fragments

Complete Sentence You need three things for a complete sentence: Subject Verb Complete thought

Sentence Fragments A fragment lacks a subject or a predicate (or both) or fails to express a complete thought. Often you can attach a fragment to a neighboring sentence with a comma, a dash, or a colon.

Example FRAGMENT Malcolm has two goals in life. Wealth and power. REVISED Malcolm has two goals in life: wealth and power.

Example FRAGMENT The students taking the final exam in the auditorium. REVISED The students were taking the final exam in the auditorium.

Example FRAGMENT The new law will help create jobs. If it passes. REVISED The new law will help create jobs, if it passes.

Example FRAGMENT Jon was used to the pressure of deadlines. Having worked the night shift at the daily newspaper. REVISED Jon was used to the pressure of deadlines, having worked the night shift at the daily newspaper. OR Jon was used to the pressure of deadlines. He had worked the night shift at the daily newspaper.

Example FRAGMENT In spite of the pulled muscle, Jeremy ran the race. And won. REVISED In spite of the pulled muscle, Jeremy ran the race and won.

Practice 1. Michael had a beautiful Southern accent. Having lived many years in Georgia. 2. Pat and Chris are determined to marry each other. Even if their families do not approve. 3. Jack seemed well qualified for a career in the Air Force. Except for his tendency to get airsick. 4. Lisa advocated sleeping no more than four hours a night. Until she started nodding through her classes. 5. They met. They talked. They fought. They reached an agreement.

1. Michael had a beautiful Southern accent. Having lived many years in Georgia. Sentence Fragment Correct

Practice 1. Having lived many years in Georgia, Michael had a beautiful Southern accent.

2. Pat and Chris are determined to marry each other. Even if their families do not approve. Sentence Fragment Correct

Practice 2. Pat and Chris are determined to marry each other even if their families do not approve.

3. Jack seemed well qualified for a career in the Air Force. Except for his tendency to get airsick. Sentence Fragment Correct

Practice 3. Jack seemed well qualified for a career in the Air Force, except for his tendency to get airsick.

4. Lisa advocated sleeping no more than four hours a night. Until she started nodding through her classes. Sentence Fragment Correct

Practice 4. Lisa advocated sleeping no more than four hours a night until she started nodding through her classes.

5. They met. They talked. They fought. They reached an agreement. Sentence Fragment Correct

“Why We Need a Market for Human Organs” General reactions What is Satel’s thesis? Where does Satel address her opposition? Are her points valid? Do you agree or disagree with her thesis? Would you sale your organs? For how much? Would Dr. Carney’s proposal of a down payment on a house or Satel’s proposals of retirement funds or lifetime health insurance instead of immediate cash change your mind?

Paraphrasing Practice In groups of three, paraphrase from paragraphs 10-12 the misconceptions about legal compensation for body parts that Satel urges us to address. After you paraphrase, analyze the point Satel is making. You should have three paraphrase sandwiches at the end. When you are finished, check the assignment off with me and you are free to go to break.

Short Break 5 Minutes

Working on Rough Draft

For the rest of class… We will have an open lab to work on your rough draft of Essay #1. You can choose to work on it here or at home. Keep in mind that you have another essay available to you in the homework for tonight.

Most Important/Interesting/Exciting Thing You Learned Today How to use/register your iClicker Review of critical analysis material/writing a critical analysis with the Huggies commercial What plagiarism is and how to avoid committing plagiarism How to paraphrase None of the above

What would you like to learn more about in the future? How to use/register your iClicker Review of critical analysis material/writing a critical analysis with the Huggies commercial What plagiarism is and how to avoid committing plagiarism How to paraphrase None of the above

Homework Read and annotate “Critical Analysis” the following sections: Pages 87-95 (“Part II: Writing a Critical Analysis: A Detailed Demonstration of the Reading-Writing Process” through “Plan Individual Paragraphs”) Pages 98-99 (“Recast the Thesis” through “Write Conclusions”) Pages 101-111 (“Revise the Preliminary Draft” through “Eliminate Sexist Language”) Pages 113-117 (“Editing” through “Student’s Critical Analysis Essay: Final Draft”) Read and annotate “The Trouble with Organ Trafficking” on pages 307-309 Write your rough draft of Essay #1 (should be at least two pages) (does not have to be typed, but must be legible)