Bock and Fanning, p. 90

Use of the OT in the NT Part 1

Discuss: Why should I take the time to study intertextuality? Outline for Part 1: 1. Historical Issues 2. Theological Preunderstanding Introduction

OT use in the NT – not clear to Paul rather the continuing fulfillment of God’s promises More than lining up OT citations in the NT Survey Introduction

A. Language of the Bible A.1. Using the OT involved a multilingual and multicultural setting A.2. LXX – collection of translations A.3. Targums – Aramaic renderings of the OT 1. Historical Issues

A. Language of the Bible A.4. Key Point: Renderings could be somewhat interpretive and free, but in these the NT writers often had in view a larger context of meaning, trying to make clear the full force of the passage. 1. Historical Issues

B. Midrashic Technique (scriptural exposition) B.1. Qal wahomer – the light and the heavy B.2. Gezerah shawah – an equivalent regulation B.3. Daber halamed me'inyano – explanation from the context 1. Historical Issues

C. Pesher Technique (exposition seeing eschatological fulfillment in the current era) C.1. Qumran community read OT this way C.2. NT use of mystery C.3. Why did many Jews have difficulties with NT use of the OT? Theological presuppositions 1. Historical Issues

A. Presuppositions Shared with non-Messianic Judaism A.1. The Bible Is God's Word A.1.a. The Bible should be read as a unit A.1.b. What God wrote then still has meaning now A.1.c. The Bible is true 2. Theological Preunderstanding

A. Presuppositions Shared with non-Messianic Judaism A.2. The One in the Many (single member of the community can represent the whole) A.2.a. NT illustration – Adam/Christ (Romans 5:12-21; 1 Cor 15:20-23, 45-49) A.2.b. OT illustration – King/nation 2. Theological Preunderstanding

A. Presuppositions Shared with non-Messianic Judaism A.3. Pattern in History (Correspondence or Typology) …not just an analogy… 2. Theological Preunderstanding

A.3. Pattern in History (Correspondence or Typology) A.3.a. typology – not as in popular use A.3.b. type - …refers to events or to the functions of an office A.3.c. multiple referents - The idea of multiple referents ultimately fulfilled in a unique way is a key to the study of the use of the OT in the NT 2. Theological Preunderstanding

B. Presuppositions Not Shared with non-Messianic Judaism B.1. These Are the Days of Fulfillment B.1.a. Peter – Acts 2:17-21 (Last Days) B.1.b. Paul – 2 Corinthians 3 (New Covenant) B.1.c. Jesus’ ministry (Luke 7:18-23) and resurrection (Luke 24:43-47) 2. Theological Preunderstanding

B.2. Now and Not Yet B.2.a. This meant God's promises, though initially fulfilled in Christ, still had elements yet to be fulfilled (inaugurated eschatology) B.2.b. NT examples: 1 Cor 15:25-27; Phil 2:11; Acts 2 B.2.c. Point: Fulfillment can be inaugurated without being consummated 2. Theological Preunderstanding

B. Presuppositions Not Shared with non-Messianic Judaism B.3. Jesus Is the Christ B.3.a. Jesus is the Christ and represents fulfillment par excellence of God's promises. B.3.b. the OT's use in the New is not limited to affirming prophetic fulfillment 2. Theological Preunderstanding

C. Unique Issues C.1. Dual Authorship – human authors did not understand all they had written (1 Pet 1:10-12; Dan. 12:5-13) C.1.a. sensus plenior – fuller sense (nb: must have a connection with what the human author actually said) C.1.b. language referent and multiple-settings (Isa 40; Isa 7:14) C.1.c. progress of revelation – referent expansion in Acts 4:25-27 (Ps 2:1) 2. Theological Preunderstanding

C. Unique Issues C.2. Use of the Septuagint in the New Testament C.2.a. When the OT is cited in the NT, often the wording does not exactly match that of the Hebrew OT. 2. Theological Preunderstanding

C.2.a. When the OT is cited in the NT, often the wording does not exactly match that of the Hebrew OT. C.2.a.1. Text is being rendered interpretively C.2.a.2. Text is summarizing a larger context C.2.a.3. Text is involving a pattern 2. Theological Preunderstanding

C.2.b. The relationship between the meanings is often worth considering, both in the original Hebrew context and how that OT text was read within Judaism as indicated by the LXX, even though only one version is actually cited in the NT. 2. Theological Preunderstanding

The End of Part 1