IRR – internal rate of return is a measure of the profitability of a project. It is an indicator of the efficiency, quality, of an investment. It is not the same thing as yield which is (1 year of revenue / purchase price of the property) Generally speaking, the higher a project's internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. As such, IRR can be used to rank several prospective projects a firm is considering. Assuming all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the highest IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first. IRR is calculated by solving for (r) in the NPV equation where NVP = 0. Net = Revenue – operating costs, debt service, taxes

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Measure, map, model, make The use of geographic information in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 19th September 2012 Tim Stonor 提姆•斯通纳教授 Managing Director, Space Syntax Limited Visiting Professor, The Bartlett, UCL t.stonor@spacesyntax.com @Tim_Stonor

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 What is the city for? 城市为了什么？

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 What is the city for? The city is not for congestion

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Congestion The goal of advanced civilisations?

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Slums & highways? We can do better

What is the city for? The city is for transaction　　　城市为了什么？城市是为了互通有无 Social 社会 Economic 经济 Cultural 文化

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 The importance of urban space

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Urban space So what can space do?

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 UCL Space Syntax Laboratory Fundamental research Teaching Technology development 伦敦大学学院　空间句法实验室 基础研究 教学 技术研发 Space Syntax Limited Strategic consulting Internship Technology development 空间句法公司 战略性咨询 实习培训 技术研发 People 人 Ideas 理念 Questions 课题 A process of mutual co-creation　　　共同创新互利的过程

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 . Describing space Graph theory Two different spatial layouts: Two different graphs:

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Total depth = Total depth = 10 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 Describing space Measuring depth in graphs 16 Depth is a ‘system metric’ and varies from place to place in the spatial layout.

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Describing space Representing simultaneous relations Using colours to represent numerical values provides an effective visualisation of simultaneous relations in spatial layouts.

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Key discovery #1 Layout influences human behaviour Observed Modelled

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Analysing urban space

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Spatial network analysis

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Spatial hierarchy in the axial network

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Urban functioning Pedestrian flow scan Tower Hamlets People per hour 450 to 900 250 to 450 150 to 250 100 to 150 50 to 100 0 to 50

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Urban functioning Vehicle flow scan Bloomsbury

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Research shows that 60-80% of movement flows are due to the structure of the network, measured by spatial accessibility. More accessible places get more movement. The evidence base

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 In brief same input Key discovery #2 Spatial layout distributes land use

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 In brief same input Courtesy of The TLRN Central London Pedestrian Study by Atkins 80% retail located on 20% most spatially accessible streets

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Key discovery #2 Spatial layout distributes land use

Area 5 Area 6 Area 3 Area 2 Perth, Australia Property crime analysis 澳大利亚珀斯 住宅区犯罪分析 Key discovery #3 Spatial layout influences crime & safety 第三个发现　空间布局影响犯罪与安全

0 Public value Value of property security　公共价值　住宅安全价值 城市活力

Disconnected, mono-functional grids require users to make a greater number of longer journeys, resulting in increased energy consumed through vehicular movement. 单一功能且破碎的网格增加了使用者出行的距离，导致更多的机动车交通量，及其伴随的能源消耗。 Disconnected grids increase travel emissions 破碎的网络增加交通碳排放 Key discovery #4 Spatial layout affects carbon footprint 第四个发现　空间布局影响低碳足迹

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Centre vitality £ % Street quality Property value Residential security Personal safety Urban layout Key discovery #5 Spatial layout determines land value

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Spatial layout as infrastructure

每个场所都具有独特的空间印记 Each place has a unique spatial signature. High Low

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 London

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Tsinghua University, Beijing Space Syntax © 2012 Beijing　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　北京

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Tokyo

Tim Stonor Future city The city of transaction Tsinghua University, Beijing Space Syntax © 2012

Suzhou

72% correlation Suzhou Vehicular movement

The cost of access Fast highways not “Main Streets”　可达性　高速路不是主路

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Transforming space Scales of intervention

空间总体设计　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　快速设计与评估 Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

Text Disconnected layout 破碎的布局 空间总体设计　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　快速设计与评估 Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

空间总体设计　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　快速设计与评估 Spatial masterplanning Rapid design development & testing

Urban Value Uplift Over 40 Years　 超过４０年城市的增值 Earls Court 伯爵府

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Trafalgar Square, London 拉法加广场

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Trafalgar Square, London Low levels of space use

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Trafalgar Square, London Pedestrian survey

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Trafalgar Square, London Spatial accessibility model

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Before After Trafalgar Square, London Spatial accessibility analysis

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Trafalgar Square, London Artist’s impression

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 First day of opening Trafalgar Square, London

Trafalgar Square, London 拉法加广场

Observe　　　　　观测 Explain　　　　　　解释 Forecast　　　　　预测 Deliver　　　　　　提交 Trafalgar Square, London Spatial design process　拉法加广场　空间设计过程

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Millennium Bridge, London Manipulating spatial networks

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Pedestrian flow 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Spatial accessibility R^2 = .89 p = 0.0047 Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge London Bridge Southwark Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Urban care process Space/movement forecast Manipulating spatial networks

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Nottingham Old Market Square

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 التحديات معاناة المشاة Jeddah Strategic weaknesses

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 مشروع المركز المدني لجدة تحليل الموقع مكونات الخطة الرئيسية Jeddah Connecting & reconnecting

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Jeddah Spatial Planning Framework Existing Former local plan New Jeddah Plan

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Route hierarchy according to accessibility Development guidelines Density and building height generation هيئة الطرق حسب وصوليتها ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Building height guideline model Development guidelines Density and building height generation ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني نموذج ارشادي لطول المبنى

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Development Specifications Development guidelines Density and building height generation مواصفات التنمية ارشادات التنمية توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Density and building height generation Density, building height and land use model توليد الكثافة وأطوال المباني نموذج ارشادي لكثافة وأطوال المباني واستغلال الأراضي

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Secondary 5% Commercial retail 5% Commercial office 75% Residential 15% Social infrastructure 3.0 70 – 80% 50 – 60% 4 – 5 Secondary 5% Commercial retail 5% Commercial office 75% Residential 15% Social infrastructure 2.0 70 – 80% 50 – 60% 2 - 3 Primary 15% Commercial retail 15% Commercial office 65% Residential 5% Social infrastructure 4.5 80 – 100% 50 – 75% 6 – 7 Primary 15% Commercial retail 15% Commercial office 60% Residential 5% Social infrastructure 5.0 80 – 100% 50 – 75% 7 - 8 Guideline example one (preferred) Land use distribution Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Plot Coverage (ground floor) Plot Coverage (upper floors) Building heights Guideline example two Land use distribution Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Plot Coverage (ground floor) Plot Coverage (upper floors) Building heights There are a large number of potential guideline combinations that satisfy the requirements of the population and financial model but what is the physical impact? Design guidelines Option testing

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Private-led Superblock-based redevelopment (Scenario A) Maximum intervention Maximum investment Maximum rehousing Minimum program Private-led Route-based regeneration (Scenario B) Private-led land Route-based plot assembly (Scenario C) Public-led Community assisted improvement (Scenario E) Minimum intervention Minimum investment Minimum rehousing Maximum time for transformation Public-led Route based road widening (Scenario D) Design Scenarios Flexibility

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 At all stages of the project, consultation carried out with residents, local municipalities, Omdahs, developers, JDURC and Jeddah Municipality Consultation

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Jeddah Planning Code Primary boulevards

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012 Geospatial information system Science-based Human-focused

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012

Tim Stonor Measure, map, model, make The use of GIS in the planning & design of urban environments agiGEOCOMMUNITY’12 Space Syntax © 2012