Introduction Explain “Hoax”

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Note: Ephedra containing supplements sold over the counter were banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in May 2004. Ephedra (Ephedra sinica), also called ma huang, has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for more than 5,000 years. Used in TCM primarily to treat asthma or bronchitis, ephedra is also prescribed for symptoms of cold and flu including nasal congestion, cough, fever, and chills.

Enduring Epidemiological Understandings 4-6 “Making Group Comparisons and Making Associations” 4. A hypothesis can be tested by comparing the frequency of disease in selected groups of people with and without an exposure to determine if the exposure and the disease are associated. 5. When an exposure is hypothesized to have a beneficial effect, studies can be designed in which a group of people is intentionally exposed to the hypothesized cause and compared to a group that is not exposed. When an exposure is hypothesized to have a detrimental effect, it is not ethical to intentionally expose a group of people. In these circumstances, studies can be designed that observe groups of free-living people with and without the exposure. Lead students by questioning to a randomized clinical trial

Discuss ethics

Lead students to form a testable hypothesis

The worn shoe print is a hint of the approach of the scientific process the students will use to answer the question posed. Lead students to 2 X 2 table

Review types of studies. Background: There have been side effects ranging from sleeplessness up to death but the article does not address any deaths so they are not considered for our choice of study type.

Leave answer open here.

Lead to 2 X 2 chart

You will select only one. [Discuss, don’t decide.] Fat burning would be too difficult according to most teachers.

How might you test? Most teachers do not want to do this one.

Select this one. How might you test? Lead students through discussion of ways to test using a Randomized Trial.

1.You have worked this out in advance using statistics obtained from study available on the web and prepared an index card so that the percentages obtained using a 2X2 chart are reflected. 2. You have prepared a 2X2 chart on the floor in a small room or enclosed hallway and label the walls with a,b,c,d as you will find in a 2X2 chart. 3. Direct students to take their place.

Enduring Epidemiological Understandings 4-6 “Making Group Comparisons and Making Associations” 4. A hypothesis can be tested by comparing the frequency of disease in selected groups of people with and without an exposure to determine if the exposure and the disease are associated. 5. When an exposure is hypothesized to have a beneficial effect, studies can be designed in which a group of people is intentionally exposed to the hypothesized cause and compared to a group that is not exposed. When an exposure is hypothesized to have a detrimental effect, it is not ethical to intentionally expose a group of people. In these circumstances, studies can be designed that observe groups of free-living people with and without the exposure.

Provide students with data from various studies and have them design a 2X2 chart using the same format they just experienced. Students will work in heterogeneous groups.

Effectiveness of Ephedra Use with Young Epidemiology Scholars Program Article “Testing Ephedra: Using Epidemiologic Studies to Teach the Scientific Method”

Note to the Teacher {delete this slide after reading} Teaching notes are provided in the PowerPoint view to assist with planning your presentation.

Ephedra: Superdrug or Super Hoax?

Your Ticket to Thinness?

Fat burner Par Excellence?

Endurance Booster?

Can This Plant Do All That?

This is ALL Natural Isn’t “All Natural” good for you? Do you think an “all natural” plant could contain something that could harm you? What type of study would you do?

Could You Ethically Do This? If Ephedra could potentially be harmful, how would you choose to test your hypothesis in an ethical manner? What are some ethical issues? Would humans be at risk? Is it wrong to test it on it on animals?

Hypothesis?

How Can You Test It?

Stop! Ethics Check! Did You Select an Ethical Study? Clinical trial [double blind random selection] Cohort [following long term] Case study [review studies by others] Cross-sectional [a slice of time]

Variables Recall the independent variable is the one that you can control Recall the dependent variable is the one that responds to the independent variable Your independent variable Ephedra Your dependent variable is __________ [It depends upon the Ephedra]

How Can You Organize Your Data?

2 by 2 Chart

Pick the Best Variable to Measure How would you measure endurance? How would you measure weight loss? How would you measure fat burning? What works best for you in this classroom?

2 by 2 Chart

2 by 2 Chart

Kinesthetic Activity to Promote Enduring Understanding

Without talking, go to the appropriate section of the 2 X 2 square in the hallway and stand in the section that is indicated on your card. When finished, we will return to the classroom and share our Enduring Understandings.

The Fun Begins You will be given data from a study. Set up the data in a 2X2 chart. Using provided materials, make a poster explaining the process you just used to examine the data.