1-ADOLF HITLER German fascist leader of the Nazi party in the (1930-40s), tried to conquer Europe, nicknamed "der Fuehrer"

2 –AESCHYLUS Greek playwright, known as the "Father of Greek Tragedy" wrote "Orestia" story of murder and revenge (400B.C.)

3 – ALEXANDER THE GREAT Son of Philip of Macedonia (356 B.C.), conquered most of the known world, spread Greek culture, Hellenistic Age

4. ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND Heir to the Austrian throne (1914), assassinated in Sarajevo, event that sparked WWI

5 – ARCHIMEDES Classic Greek scientist (212 B.C.), water displacement, inventor, Eureka!, use of levers

6 – ARISTOTLE Last of the three classic Greek philosophers (322B.C.) reason, syllogism, observation, varied studies, teacher of Alexander

7 – ATTILA Feared Hun leader (453) terrorized the Roman Empire, finally defeated by the Romans and Goths in 451 His empire

8 – AUGUSTUS Name taken by Octavian after he became the Roman Emperor, means the "majestic one"

9 – BENITO MUSSOLINI Fascist dictator in Italy during WWII (1940s)

10 – CHARLES DARWIN English naturalist (1870s), developed the theory of evolution through natural selection

11 – CLEOPATRA Egyptian queen (31 B.C.) used Roman Mark Antony to try and restore Egypt, crushed by Octavian, committed suicide

12 – CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher (500s) and moral teacher, religious-like ideas still followed today

13 – CONSTANTINE Roman Emperor (306) who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and renamed it after himself

14 – DANTE ALIGHIERI Italian author (1265) wrote “The Divine Comedy”, described the levels of hell, it became the accepted description

15 – DOUGLAS MACARTHUR American general (1940s), commander of Allied forces in Pacific during WWII, led American forces in Korean War

16 – DWIGHT EISENHOWER American, Commander of the Allied forces (1940s) in Europe during WWII, later elected President

17 – ELIZABETH 1 English Queen, ruled for 45 years, England became an empire during her reign (1558-1603) British empire highlighted in red

18 – ERASMUS Northern Renaissance humanist (1530), wrote articles attacking false kings and the abuses of the church

19 – EUCLID Classic Greek mathematician (300 B.C.), "Father of Geometry" wrote Elements text used until 1900

20 – FERDINAND MAGELLAN Spanish explorer, known as the first man to sail around the world, was actually killed before he made it home (1500s)

21- FIDEL CASTRO Communist leader of Cuba since 1959, America has boycotted Cuba ever since

22 – FRANCIS BACON English philosopher, stressed using the scientific method to discover how the natural world works (1200s)

23 – FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT American President during the Great Depression and WWII (1930s-40s)

24 – GALEN Scientist of the Roman Empire, first real physician, started the concept of hospitals, studied the human body to understand illness (150)

25 – GALILEO GALILEI Italian scientist and inventor(1630s), developed the telescope, ideas became basis of physics, punished by the Catholic Church

26 – GENGHIS KHAN Mongol conqueror (1200s) of most of Asia and threatened to conquer Europe until his death in 1227

27 – GEORGE CLEMENCEAU French representative to the Treaty of Versailles to end WWI (1919) The “Old Tiger” The “Old Tiger” with Pres. Wilson and British representative D. George

28 – GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO Italian Renaissance Humanist, wrote "The Decameron", helped spread the ideals of the Renaissance (1300s) Antonio de la grasso

29 – HAMMURABI Sumerian king, famous for the development of a written law code used throughout all of his kingdom (1700 B.C.) The law code in cuneiform

30 – HANNIBAL Carthaginian military leader, fought his entire life against the Roman Empire, invaded and terrorized Italy for over (15) years

31 – HARRY TRUMAN American President (1940s) at the start of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, tried to "contain" communism militarily and economically Eisenhower MacArthur

32 – HENRY VIII English king who left the Catholic Church to create the Church of England during Reformation (1500)

33 – HERNANDO CORTES Spanish conqueror of Mexico. He also wiped out the Aztec Empire

34 – HERODOTUS Classic Greek, often referred to as the first historian, his accounts weren't always accurate A map of his world – 2000 years after the pyramids

35 – HIPPOCRATES Classic Greek, noted as first doctor, physicians today still take an oath of honor named after him

36 – HO CHI MIN Communist leader of Vietnam, led the communists in the Vietnam War against the Americans in the 1960s-70s

37 – HOMER Blind Greek slave, author of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" (800B.C.) ??? M M M M M M M M

38 – ISAAC NEWTON English scientist, famed for his laws of motion and gravity (1700s)

39 – JEAN-JACQUE ROUSSEAU French philosopher (1760s) developed a "Social Contract" between gov't. and the people, U.S. Constitution is a social contract

40- JOAN OF ARC French heroine (1400s) led a successful attack against English (Orleans), later captured and burned as a witch

41 – JOHANN GUTENBURG German printer, introduced moveable type to Europe, printing in this way spread the Renaissance (1400s) His printed Bible

42 – JOHN CALVIN German astronomer (1500s) laws of planetary movement, ellipses of the planets path around the sun

43 – JOHANN KEPLER Early protestant reformer, after Martin Luther, believed in predestination, the Huguenots were his followers in France, the Puritans were English believers (1500s)

44 – JOSEPH STALIN Communist dictator of the Soviet Union during and after WWII, killed millions to keep control (1940s-50s) With Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt

45 – JUAN PONCE DE LEON Explorer, Conquistador, went in search of the Fountain of Youth, believed he found it in Florida (1500s)

46 – JULIUS CEASAR Famous Roman general, First dictator of Rome, ended the Roman Republic, murdered by the Senate (44B.C.)

47 – KARL MARX Founder of the economic theory known as communism, wealth is shared by workers not owners (1870s) His book explaining how communism was supposed to work

48 – KING MENES First of the great Egyptian kings, united Upper and Lower Egypt into one empire (3100B.C.) Also known as Narmer

49 – LEONARDO DA VINCI True Italian Renaissance Man (1560-70s), artist, engineer, inventor, scientist, Last Supper, Mona Lisa

50 – LOUIS XIV French king, considered the perfect example of an absolute monarch, bankrupt France to build his palace at Versailles

51 – MOHANDAS GANDHI Political, social and spiritual leader of India (1930s-40s), non-violent protests led to independence from the British, copied by Martin Luther King in U.S.

52- MAO ZEDONG Communist leader (1945-76) led the Cultural Revolution in China, destroyed Chinese society to create perfect Communist system.

53- MARCO POLO Italian merchant (1254-1324) who wrote about his trip to China, helped open trade routes between East Asia and Europe

54 – MARCUS AURELIUS The last of the "good Roman Emperors”, well known writer and philosopher (175 A.D)

55 – MARK ANTONY Originally ruled Rome with Octavian, later tried to defeat him with help from Cleopatra, failed, suicide (31 A.D.)

56- MARTIN LUTHER One-time German priest who brought the Protestant reformation to Europe (1500s)

57 – MARTIN LUTHER KING American civil rights leader in the 1960s, used Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent approach to bring changes to American society

58- MAXIMILLIAN ROBESPIERRE Chief leader of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror, when thousands were executed in France (1793)

59 – MICHELANGELO Italian Renaissance artist (1500s), known for his works of sculpture and the Sistine Chapel

60 – MIKHAIL GORBACHEV Soviet Leader, (1980s) opened the Soviet Union to western ideas, “glasnost” With Pres. Reagan

61 – MONTESQUIEU French philosopher, proposed a separation of powers that keep gov'ts. in check, his ideas were adopted in the U.S. Constitution (1700s)

62 – MUHAMMAD Arab leader (600s) Founder of the Islamic religion, believed to be a prophet of Allah

63 – NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Child of the French Revolution, conquered most of Europe, declared himself emperor of France (1800s)

64 – NERO Considered one of the worst of the Roman Emperors, supposedly burned Rome to make room for his palace, killed his mother (64 A.D.) His personal palace in the city of Rome

65 – NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN British Prime minister prior to WWII, believed he had appeased Hitler into peace, replaced after the war started (1930s) showing the peace document Hitler signed

66 – NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI Author who wrote "The Prince" which became a guideline for rulers of the Renaissance and later, (1500s)

67 – NICHOLAUS COPERNICUS Polish astronomer, know for his theory of the sun being the center of the universe, (Heliocentric Theory) (1500s)

68 – NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV Soviet Leader, (1960s), threatened to put nuclear missiles in Cuba, pushed world to brink of nuclear war when challenged by U.S. With Pres. Kennedy

69 – PERICLES Athenian leader during the "Golden Age of Athens" when Athens reached its peak of culture and power (400B.C.)

70 – PETER THE GREAT Russian Czar (1700s), he “westernized” or “Europeanized” Russia, he was an absolute dictator his palace

71 – PETRARCH Italian humanist (1300s), poet, helped start the "rebirth" of classical learning

72 – PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA He admired Greek culture, (459B.C.) conquered the Great City-States, father of Alexander the Great

73 – PLATO One of the three great ancient Greek philosophers (400B.C.), student of Socrates and teacher to Aristotle ?????

74 - PTOLEMY Mathematician/scientist of the Roman Empire, used by the Catholic Church as official source on science and math for 500 years

75 – SHAKESPEARE Most famous English-speaking playwright, (1500s), his plays are still famous even today The Globe Theater

76 – SOCRATES First of the classic Greek philosophers (400B.C.) the "Gadfly" questioned life and was sentenced to death

77 - SOPHOCLES Playwright of Ancient Greece (400B.C.), Tragedies, most famous work was "Oedipus the King"

78 – THOMAS HOBBES English philosopher (1600s), humans needed a strong government to keep order, still a reason for governments today His book “The Leviathan”

79 – VASCO DE GAMA Portuguese explorer (1500s), sailed south around Africa to discover a route to the spices of India

80 - VASCO DE BALBOA Spanish explorer (1500s) first European to view the Pacific Ocean

81 –VERGIL Roman poet (10 B.C.) known as the "Homer of Rome" wrote the epic poem the "Aeneid" Story of Aeneas

82 – VLADIMIR LENIN Russian communist leader (1917), created the nation known as the Soviet Union, leader of Soviet Union during WWI

83. VOLTAIRE French writer and philosopher (1760s) during the Enlightenment, used satire to attack intolerance, superstition and irrationality His most famous Work “Candide”

84. WINSTON CHURCHILL British Prime Minister during WWII, held the British people together during the war, writer, statesman (1940s) “V” for Victory with Stalin And Roosevelt

85. WOODROW WILSON American President during WWI (1917), developed the "Fourteen Points" for long-lasting world peace At the Versailles Peace accord